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Young onset dementia − challenges in nomenclature and clinical definitions
Published in Marjolein de Vugt, Janet Carter, Understanding Young Onset Dementia, 2021
Dennis van de Veen, Christian Bakker, Tor Rosness, Raymond Koopmans
In the past decades, effective treatment options for epileptic disorders have become available. As epilepsy is seen as a reversible disorder, it is debatable whether or not epileptic dementia should be regarded as a potential cause of young onset dementia. However, in some cases, treatment is unsuccessful and years of seizures can cause progressive cognitive impairment, often misdiagnosed as Alzheimer's disease (Hogh et al., 2002). Sampson et al. (2004) have introduced a dementia-plus syndrome in which they state that for the diagnosis of dementia at a young age, cognitive impairment might occur in the setting of more widespread neurological disturbance and not just as an irreversible and progressive cognitive disorder.
Plant-Based Natural Products Against Huntington’s Disease: Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda, The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Banadipa Nanda, Samapika Nandy, Anuradha Mukherjee, Abhijit Dey
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by a combination of choreoathetotic movements and cognitive and psychiatric disturbances associated with neuronal death in corticostriatal circuits. Symptoms develop insidiously either as brief, jerky movements of the extremities, trunk, face, and neck (chorea) or as a change in personality and sometimes both [14]. Fine motor in-coordination and impairment of rapid eye movements are early features. Occasionally, choreic movements are less prominent than the predominance of bradykinesia and dystonia in the early onset of symptoms that occurs before age 20. With the progression of the disease, the severity of involuntary movements is higher with development of dysarthria and dysphagia, and patients exhibit a typical sporadic, rapid, involuntary limb movement, limb stiffness with impeded balance. The cognitive disorder manifests first as sluggish mental processing and difficulty in organizing complex tasks along with progressive dementia [16].
Neurointensive care: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Essentials of Geriatric Neuroanesthesia, 2019
Anastasia Borozdina, Ega Qeva, Federico Bilotta
POCD is the longer-lasting form of a wide variety of postoperative neurological complications, and sometimes it is difficult to formulate a differential diagnosis based on the patient's symptoms. The pathologic conditions that enter into differential diagnosis are delirium, central anticholinergic syndrome (CAS), dementia, and akinetic crisis (AC). Nowadays, literature reports that POD syndrome is very complex, can be triggered by predisposing and precipitating factors, and is not just a consequence of type of surgery or anesthesia. CAS consists of an absolute or relative reduction in cholinergic activity in the central nervous system induced by drugs that have or not anticholinergic effects. Dementia is an acquired cognitive disorder that interferes with relationships and the patient's quality of life. AC is a complication of PD that can occur as a result of interruption of PD therapy during surgery. Manifestations, diagnostic methods, duration, and prognosis are reported in Table 17.2.
Two Halves of the Same Whole: A Framework to Integrate Autism and Mental Health Services
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2023
Michelle Cleary, Sancia West, Loyola McLean, Rachel Kornhaber, Catherine Hungerford
Conventional therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, could be inappropriate for engaging people with a cognitive disorder (Maddox et al., 2020). Those approaches that flexibly deal with emotion and feeling and promote a therapeutic alliance despite some challenges, such as Conversational Model approaches and/or Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy (PIT), may be worth investigating as they have an evidence base in suicidality and self-harm (Guthrie et al., 2001). Currently, a feasibility trial is underway on an approach to community self-harm that has adapted a PIT approach (Saini et al., 2021). Autism-specific interventions would ensure that a rigorous evidence base, together with co-design with those with ASD and their carers, is used to identify what aids and stymies mental health and suicidality and create personalised treatment. Such approaches also ensure that services are more accessible to autistic people, their families and carers (Hedley et al., 2022).
Spatial orientation in virtual environment compared to real-world
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2021
S. Pastel, C. H. Chen, D. Bürger, M. Naujoks, L. F. Martin, K. Petri, K. Witte
Some studies showed that VR can be a valuable tool across different fields. For example, children with a physical disability could benefit from VR and improve their spatial orientation by exploring the virtual environment regardless of the physical constraint in the real-world (Stanton et al., 1998). Both, VR and the traditional PC platform, can help the patients with major depressive episodes obtain a good transfer effect on a daily shopping task (Dehn et al., 2018). With the easily controlled scenarios in VR, other studies also suggested that VR training may serve as an alternative or useful addition during rehabilitation for patients with a cognitive disorder, such as traumatic brain injury or Alzheimer’s disease (Riva et al., 1998; Rizzo et al., 1997). However, proper precautions should be considered to prevent or reduce the cybersickness (physical discomfort due to the stay in VR) before the VR application is implemented (Petri et al., 2020)
Tranexamic acid for chronic subdural hematoma
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2021
Roger Lodewijkx, Steven Immenga, René van den Berg, René Post, Lucas G. Westerink, Rob J. A. Nabuurs, Anil Can, William Peter Vandertop, Dagmar Verbaan
One patient (case no. 3) experienced a seizure five days after initiation of TXA treatment. The TXA was stopped temporarily, the patient re-admitted, and scheduled for surgery. However, because of persisting fever due to a bladder infection, the operation was postponed. His symptoms diminished nevertheless, and he was discharged home without an operation. TXA was continued at discharge, six days after the seizure. At follow-up one month later, the symptoms had resolved and further follow-up was not necessary. One patient (case no. 5) reported memory loss, however, this was also present prior to initial presentation described as ‘cognitive disorder not otherwise specified’. The patient was referred to a neurologist for further analysis. One patient was operated 11 months after TXA treatment. Possibly this was related to his myelodysplastic syndrome, a hematologic disorder characterized by chronic anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.