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Fertilization and normal embryonic and early fetal development
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Asim Kurjak, Ritsuko K. Pooh, Aida Salihagic-Kadic, Iva Lausin, Lara Spalldi-Barisic
Cerebral hemispheres continue with development during the 9th and 10th weeks of pregnancy. Visible are lateral ventricles containing hyperechoic choroid plexuses. The head is clearly divided from the body by the neck. External ear is sometimes depicted in the 3D surface image. Herniation of the midgut is present. Dorsal column, the early spine, can be examined in its whole length. The arms with elbow and legs with knee are now visible. Feet can be seen approaching the midline (Fig. 15).
Normal Brain Development and Congenital Malformations
Published in Swati Goyal, Neuroradiology, 2020
Corpus callosum is an interhemispheric association between the two cerebral hemispheres. Complete agenesisPartial agenesis (hypoplastic – anterior portion, including genu and anterior half of the body, is formed, but the posterior portion, including the posterior body and the rostrum, is not formed)Dysgenesis (malformed)
Review of the Human Brain and EEG Signals
Published in Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho, Introduction to Non-Invasive EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interfaces for Assistive Technologies, 2020
Alessandro Botti Benevides, Alan Silva da Paz Floriano, Mario Sarcinelli-Filho, Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho
This section discusses the contralaterality of motor movements, which means that the motor area in the right cerebral hemisphere controls the voluntary movements of the left side of the body; conversely, the motor area in the left cerebral hemisphere controls the voluntary movements of the right side of the body. Thereby, the imagination of movements of the right hand is processed in the primary motor cortex of the left hemisphere. It is worth commenting that while the motor cortex of each hemisphere activates movements of the opposite side, the PPC activates movements of both sides of the body [15,16].
Infant-Type Hemispheric Glioma in a Chinese Girl: A Newly Defined Entity
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Yuan Fang, Yi-zhen Wang, Xia Wei, Shao-mei Li, Lian Chen
As a newly defined entity by the fifth WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system, the infant-type hemispheric glioma harbors specific driving gene changes, such as ALK, NTRK1/2/3, ROS1 and MET [1]. There are very few case reports of this tumor [4–7]. Two recent multi-centric studies [2,3] involving large-scale cohorts of 29 and 82 cases, respectively, served as important references for the new WHO classification to incorporate the infant-type hemispheric gliomas as a novel independent entity [1]. According to the reports of Guerreiro et al. [2] and Clarke et al. [3], infant-type hemispheric gliomas account for 19.3% (29/150) of all pediatric gliomas in the age group under four years, and 34.0% (82/241) of infantile gliomas. The median age of onset was 2.8–7.2 months, and there was no obvious gender difference in incidence, albeit with a male to female ratio of 0.93:1. As the name implies, its anatomical location is exclusively in the cerebral hemisphere. The reported clinical symptoms are heterogeneous, including vomiting, seizures, altered mental status, cardiopulmonary arrest, and deviation of the head and the gaze to one side with increased head circumference [4–7]. Neuroimaging showed high or mixed density of space occupying masses, with a maximum diameter of 6–10.2 cm [4,5]. The present case was a four-month-old female infant who presented with increased head circumference, and a massive cystic solid space occupying lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere, which were consistent with the previous reports.
Love’s place in the spectrum of affect, one of 24 secondary emotions: implications for psychiatry
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2023
The other side of emotion theory and research posits the existence of basic or primary emotions together with the assertion that these emotions are adaptive reactions to prototypical problems of life that have long evolutionary histories and infrastructures of networks and systems in the human brain. The accumulating evidence in favour of basic-emotion theory has become overwhelming. A wealth of findings indicate that emotions are innate capabilities which develop without exposure to the information that would be required to learn them through general-purpose cognitive systems, including human languages: (i) Specific, simple emotions emerge in infancy while infants are still relying on subcortical behavioural mechanisms and before the onset of language (Izard et al., 2010). (ii) Human babies born without cerebral hemispheres (anencephalic) cannot become intellectually developed but can grow up to be affectively vibrant if raised in nurturing and stimulating social environments (Shewmon et al., 1999). (iii) Deaf and blind children make facial expressions similar to those of non-impaired children. For example, congenitally blind children produce normal facial expressions of anger (Galati et al., 2003). And (iv), the first emotions of the child unfold through epigenetic programs according to precise, universal timetables (LaFrenière, 2000) and persist throughout the life-span (Demos, 2007).
Dynamic changes in white matter following traumatic brain injury and how diffuse axonal injury relates to cognitive domain
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Daphine Centola Grassi, Ana Luiza Zaninotto, Fabrício Stewan Feltrin, Fabíola Bezerra Carvalho Macruz, Maria Concepción García Otaduy, Claudia Costa Leite, Vinícius Monteiro Paula Guirado, Wellingson Silva Paiva, Celi Santos Andrade
Moreover, we found significant correlations between DTI metrics and cognitive performances. There were positive correlations between FA values in the genu of the CC with attention at both evaluated phases, as well as negative correlation between MD values and working memory at timepoint 2. The mechanics of head trauma places the ventral and lateral surfaces of the frontal lobes in particular vulnerability for damage (68,69). Given the frontal projections of the genu, it is not surprising that executive functions mediated by these areas could be correlated with microstructural abnormalities as detected by DTI in our study. The splenium is also frequently injured in head trauma due to specific anatomical features such as its close proximity to the fixed falx that determines how the shearing forces propagates in this region. There were significant correlations between DTI indices extracted from the splenium and several cognitive domains, including attention, verbal fluency, working memory and IQ at six months post-trauma. Our results also indicated positive correlations between FA values in both SLFs and IQ at the same timepoint, in addition to negative correlations between the other DTI metrics and verbal fluency and IQ. The correlations were more pronounced in the left SLF, what may be related to the by far more prevalent functional language dominance in the left cerebral hemisphere (70). Furthermore, there were more pronounced correlations in our study at six-moths post-injury, suggesting this interval as the optimal timing of DTI data acquisition for evaluation of cognitive outcomes.