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Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Health
Published in James M. Rippe, Increasing Physical Activity, 2020
In addition, cerebral blood flow normally decreases with age and dementia. Physical activity has been shown to improve both blood volume and vasculature in the brain (78, 79). This process is called angiogenesis, which is the development of new blood vessels through sprouting of existing vessels and epithelial cells. All of these processes are components of cognitive reserve that are positively affected by physical activity and could help delay the onset of deterioration of cognitive function.
Caffeine withdrawal
Published in B.S. Gupta, Uma Gupta, Caffeine and Behavior, 2020
Cerebral blood-flow was measured in another study.40 High and low caffeine users were compared with respect to cerebral blood flow under normal and abstinence conditions. In the high caffeine users, abstinence was associated with marked frontal lobe flow increases, whereas the administration of caffeine reversed this. Thus, caffeine causes cerebral vasoconstriction, and the vasodilation on withdrawal probably underlies the throbbing vascular-type headache.41
Pharmacological Modification of a Cerebroplegia Solution
Published in Richard A. Jonas, Jane W. Newburger, Joseph J. Volpe, John W. Kirklin, Brain Injury and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, 2019
Richard A. Jonas, Aoki Mitsuru
Cerebral Blood Flow. The mean values for all groups for cerebral blood flow was 55.5 ±1.6 mL/min/lOOg tissue at the normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass baseline. There were no intergroup differences. Recovery of cerebral blood flow was significantly greater in group CPU relative to the control and saline-treated groups and was also greater than group CPM (Figure 28-4). UW solution significantly improved the recovery of regional blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, midbrain, and cerebellum but not to the lower brainstem.
Cognition and Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS): Participant-Identified Challenges and Strategies, and Implications for Intervention
Published in Occupational Therapy In Health Care, 2022
Carol Hollingsworth, Valerie Boyette, Emily M. Rich, Asha Vas
Although the mechanism of cognitive dysfunction is not fully understood, several theories exist. One theory considers a decrease in cerebral blood flow to contribute to cognitive dysfunction in POTS which leads to many of the symptoms that occur including issues with attention, memory, lightheadedness, confusion, brain fog, and executive functioning (Ocon et al., 2009; Shanks et al., 2013). Certain activities can increase the risk for these symptoms, such as standing to groom one’s hair or sitting upright to complete a homework assignment. One proposed mechanism for the decrease in cerebral blood flow is that changes in position cause blood pooling, in turn decreasing nutrients, oxygen, and blood flow to the brain that would otherwise prevent these reactive symptoms from occurring (Ocon et al., 2009; Shanks et al., 2013). However, in a study by Wells and colleagues (Wells et al., 2020), researchers found that subjects with POTS continued to experience cognitive dysfunction without orthostatic stress as when seated. Additional mechanisms proposed include brain abnormalities (structural and functional), central norepinephrine dysregulation, other comorbidities such as chronic fatigue or psychiatric conditions, and sleep disturbances (Anderson et al., 2014; Arnold et al., 2015; Raj et al., 2018; Ross et al., 2013). Research has also documented that chronic pain can negatively affect cognitive processes and has been documented as a common, prohibitive symptom induced by POTS (Cook & Sandroni, 2018).
Human placental trophoblast progenitor cells (hTPCs) promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia in rats
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Muge Molbay, Eylem Özaydın-Goksu, Dijle Kipmen-Korgun, Ali Unal, Murat Ozekinci, Erhan Cebeci, Emin Maltepe, Emin Turkay Korgun
The average cerebral blood flow is 50–55ml/100 g brain tissue/min. Cerebral blood flow in the gray matter is 70–80 ml/100 g/min whereas it is 20–30 ml/100 g/min in the white matter. Abrupt cessation or critical reduction of blood flow to a brain region causes cerebral ischemia. This situation is known as stroke and it generally creates damage to the cellular structures of the brain. Stroke is an important disease that is capable of causing serious morbidity and mortality. In the United States, nearly 5% of all deaths are complicated by stroke, which represents approximately 795,000 deaths per year [1]. The vast majority of stroke cases are ischemic in origin. Stroke is known to cause damage to neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells. Patients presenting within the appropriate time frame have a chance for intravenous thrombolytic therapy or endovascular approaches but lack of awareness of stroke symptoms compromises the ability of most patients to receive the standard care in a timely fashion.
Optimizing Physiology During Prehospital Airway Management: An NAEMSP Position Statement and Resource Document
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2022
Daniel P. Davis, Nichole Bosson, Francis X. Guyette, Allen Wolfe, Bentley J. Bobrow, David Olvera, Robert G. Walker, Michael Levy
Hyperventilation is generally harmful but unfortunately common in prehospital ventilation (33). For most patients, achieving eucapnia with a target PaCO2 ∼40 mmHg is reasonable. End-tidal CO2 may not accurately reflect PaCO2 in critically ill and injured patients but can help avoid excessive ventilation rates (57). These are associated with inadvertent hypocapnia and elevated intrathoracic pressures, which may compromise cardiac output or result in lung injury via barotrauma. Patients with traumatic brain injury experience decreased cerebral blood flow, with increased ventilation rates leading to worse outcomes. Controversy exists for use of mild hyperventilation in patients with impending herniation; this is addressed elsewhere in this compendium (60). Patients with metabolic acidosis but without brain injury may require a lower PaCO2 target to provide partial respiratory alkalosis unless this relative hyperventilation results in hypotension. Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or multi-organ dysfunction syndrome benefit from low tidal volume ventilation and permissive hypercapnia to avoid the adverse systemic and/or pulmonary effects of positive-pressure ventilation.