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Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Your brain is floating inside of your skull, separated from the bone by a layer of fluid. Getting hit in the head is dangerous because your brain can bounce around, smacking up against that bone. Such hits may result in concussions. Concussions are brain injuries that may cause loss of consciousness, confusion, and other symptoms—although not all concussions are obvious. Concussions by themselves can be serious, but when a person regularly suffers from head trauma, even small brain injuries may add up over time to a big problem.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurocognitive Disorders
Published in Gail S. Anderson, Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior, 2019
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are injuries that result in a disturbance of normal brain function and can range from very mild, with sequelae that last just a few days, to devastating lifetime consequences. TBI can be the result of a penetrating injury, a direct strike to the head, or coup or contrecoup injuries, in which the brain moves in the skull, either at the site of the blow or at the opposite side of the skull, causing bruising and damage.2 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the US states that TBI can result in diminished cognitive skills, diminished memory retrieval and retention, reduced sensations, and emotional disorders such as personality changes, anxiety, and depression.3 The most common causes of TBI are falls, vehicular accidents, and being struck by or striking an object (79%), with 11% due to assault. Of course, not all head injuries result in a TBI, as many minor bumps may leave nothing more than a bruise.
Acquired brain injury and families
Published in Jo Clark-Wilson, Mark Holloway, Family Experience of Brain Injury, 2019
Jo Clark-Wilson, Mark Holloway
Brain injuries happen as a consequence of a trauma of some kind, such as a road traffic accident or assault, or can be caused by myriad other issues such as encephalitis, loss of oxygen to the brain or a stroke. Whatever the cause, a brain injury is often sudden and unexpected, and the impact can be life changing. The consequences of damage to the brain are always unique for that individual.
Experiences of individuals with acquired brain injury and their families interacting with community services: a systematic scoping review
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Alyson Norman, Valentina Curro, Mark Holloway, Nena Percuklievska, Hannah Ferrario
Whilst the body of literature identifying both the psychological and social consequences of ABI is growing, there is still limited literature that examines the experiences of individuals with ABI and their families when interacting with, or attempting to access, community rehabilitation and integration services. A recent systematic review of persons with stroke and their families’ experiences of community-based and primary healthcare services emphasised the sense of abandonment experienced by individuals [25]. The review highlighted the need for increased information and service provision within the community setting. Whilst this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the stroke literature, it does not contain information about the experiences of other individuals with acquired brain injuries. Stroke and other brain injuries, such as TBI are often treated within differing care pathways, so it is important to examine the experiences across the range of conditions.
A proposed novel traumatic brain injury classification system – an overview and inter-rater reliability validation on behalf of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2022
Mark H. Wilson, Emily Ashworth, Peter J. Hutchinson
A distinction needs to be made between ‘classification’ and ‘prognostication’ tools. Although commonly referred to as classification tools, the Marshall9 and Rotterdam10 systems are principally used for scoring (which can then be used to classify ‘severity’) but they do not classify the type of brain injury. Brain injury is often heterogenous, and an individual patient may have several different brain injuries (e.g. right subdural and left frontal contusion). A comprehensive system needs to account for these different injuries, not just report ‘the worst one’ as occurs in the abbreviated injury scoring (AIS) system.11 The AIS system (as used by the Trauma Audit Research Network in the UK) is a form of radiological classification in that it reports the highest scoring brain injury, but it takes the fidelity of a location and size of injury and converts it to a number (/score). Not all of those numbers are comparable. For example, a cerebellar extradural (score = 3) is not the same as a cerebral laceration (score also = 3). A system that classifies and scores by pathologies may improve specificity.
Epidemiology of female youth ice hockey injuries presenting to United States emergency departments from 2002 to 2019
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2022
Patrick J. Morrissey, Jack J. Zhou, Neil V. Shah, Barrett B. Torre, Joanne C. Dekis, Jared M. Newman, Katherine M. Connors, William P. Urban
We evaluated all ice hockey injuries (product code 1279) from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2019. Cases involving players over the age of 18 years (Y) and males were excluded. Each injury’s narrative text field was reviewed to categorize the mechanism of injury into the following: (1) collision with boards, (2) falls, (3) player collision (4) hit by puck, (5) struck by skate, (6) hit by stick, and (7) other. In cases where player-to-player collision led to a fall or contact with boards, the mechanism of injury was categorized as player-to-player mechanism. We searched for cases not related to sporting activity (e.g. ‘spectator hit by puck’) but no cases were removed using this method. Cases diagnosed as either internal organ injuries of the head or concussion were categorized as traumatic brain injuries in order to minimize terminology confusion and increase diagnostic sensitivity [14].