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Measuring and Quantifying Outcomes
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
There are several options for determining static and dynamic balance, and indicators of fall risk. In the simplest of ways, perhaps the most brief and convenient observation by any member of the IDT is a patient’s inability to perform single leg stance (static balance) and/or move outside of their base of support in standing (dynamic balance). The inability to do so is an indicator of poor gait ability (ambulation is repeated single leg stance) and/or to maintain balance during ADLs. Regarding prediction of future risk of falls in community-dwelling individuals, Lusardi et al.18 determined the “Berg Balance Scale score (≤50 points), Timed Up and Go times (≥12 seconds), and 5 times sit-to-stand times (≥12 seconds) are currently the most evidence-supported functional measures and results to determine individual risk of future falls.” From the oncology literature, a systematic review by Huang et al.19 determined the Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale, and usual and fast gait speed, were highly recommended, while the Balance Evaluation Systems Test, Timed Up and Go, and Five Times Sit to Stand were recommended.
Principles and Practical Uses of Virtual Reality Games as a Physical Therapy Strategy
Published in Christopher M. Hayre, Dave J. Muller, Marcia J. Scherer, Everyday Technologies in Healthcare, 2019
Lorena Cruz, Felipe Augusto dos Santos Mendes, Silvia Gonçalves Ricci Neri, Rodrigo Luiz Carregaro
The efficacy of VRGs for improving balance cannot be determined for people with PD. However, some studies reported equivalent balance improvements comparing VRG interventions to conventional balance exercises (Harris et al., 2015). Balance has been measured more often by clinical tests such as the Berg balance scale and the TUG test. Furthermore, VRG interventions in PD have presented moderate to large effects on global cognition compared to active control groups (Stanmore et al., 2017). Studies have shown benefits of VRGs for domain-specific tasks of executive functions, such as inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, and for visuospatial skills, attention and processing speed (Pompeu et al., 2012; Zimmermann et al., 2014), memory, attention and reversibility (Alves et al., 2018).
Functional Assessment and Measures
Published in K. Rao Poduri, Geriatric Rehabilitation, 2017
The Berg balance scale: It assesses the ICF domain activity with a 14-item objective measure designed to assess static balance and fall risk. This takes 10–15 minutes to administer, is free except for the cost of the equipment such as a stopwatch, step stool, and chair with arm rests in adult populations (reference will be helpful).16–18
Multimodal physical training combined with tDCS improves physical fitness components in people after stroke: a double-blind randomized controlled trial
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2023
Renato Massaferri, Rafael Montenegro, Guilherme de Freitas Fonseca, Wendell Bernardes, Felipe A. Cunha, Paulo Farinatti
The Fugl-Meyer scale was applied to assess the degree of motor impairment, through abnormal synergic voluntary movements in the motor function domain.27 Total motor impairment is classified according to scores ranging from 0 to 100 points, of which 66 points refer to the upper body and 34 points to the lower body (<50 points: severe; 50–84 points: marked; 85–95 points: moderate; 96–99 points: slight). The static and dynamic balance were assessed using the Berg Balance Scale, which rates from 0 (cannot perform) to 4 (normal performance) the performance on 14 different tasks, including the ability to sit, stand, reach, lean over, turn and look over each shoulder, turn in a complete circle, and step.28 A maximum of 56 points is possible indicating excellent balance. In the Shumway-Cook model 26 for using the Berg Balance Scale to predict the fall risk in older adults, a score of 36 or less indicates a nearly 100% chance in the next 6 months. The 10-m walk test was performed at maximal speed in a 14-m hallway (the first and last 2 m being used to allow acceleration and deceleration). These data were used to define the initial and final speeds applied in the treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET).
The effect of body awareness on trunk control, affected upper extremity function, balance, fear of falling, functional level, and level of independence in patients with stroke
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2023
Yusuf Sarıçan, Yıldız Erdoğanoğlu, Murad Pepe
The patients’ balance was evaluated using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). The scale consists of 14 functional parameters that evaluate the static and dynamic balance in activities of daily living. The BBS assesses the ability to maintain balance during daily functional activities. Each parameter is scored between 0–4, with “0= unable to perform or requiring help,” “4= normal performance.” A higher score on the Berg Balance Scale indicates better balance.17 In the study, BBS assessment was started with a sitting position. After activities such as sitting without support, getting up from a sitting position, the patient’s balance was observed in the standing position and with various activities. Adequate precautions were taken against the risk of falling in the evaluation and the total score was calculated according to the patient’s performance.
Effect of ankle-foot orthoses on functional outcome measurements in individuals with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Aliyeh Daryabor, Toshiki Kobayashi, Sumiko Yamamoto, Samuel M. Lyons, Michael Orendurff, Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban
Based on the literature selected for analysis, independence of walking was assessed using the Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC); walking ability (endurance) with the 6-Minute Walking Test (6MWT); functional mobility with the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), stairs tests (Timed Going Up (TUS) or Down (TDS)), and modified Emory functional ambulation profile (mEFAP). Balance was assessed with Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Functional Reach Test (FRT). In every study selected for the analysis, the tests related to walking were performed at the participant’s self-selected gait velocity. Other outcome measures used for the analysis included Functional Independence Measure (FIM) subscores related to mobility and locomotion (stair-climbing and walk/wheelchair); plantar flexor spasticity, evaluated by the Modified Ashworth Scale; the Motricity Index, which assesses isometric contraction and selective muscle control; and the Barthel Index and Rivermead Mobility Index, which evaluate mobility during ADLs. Since a recent systematic review addressed the effect of AFOs on walking speed [52], we did not include walking speed measured by clinical tests for the present review. We did, however, consider it as a factor of sub-group analysis.