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Research in the clinical setting
Published in Robert Jones, Fiona Jenkins, Managing and Leading in the Allied Health Professions, 2021
At this stage the researcher needs to try out the prepared instruments and design and test the feasibility of data collection. It may also be necessary to conduct reliability and validity studies at this stage. There are various types of reliability, which can be divided into equivalents (interrater reliability and alternative forms reliability), stability (intrarater reliability) and internal consistency (split half reliability, item analysis).22
Policies, protocols and procedures
Published in Paul Bowie, Carl de Wet, Aneez Esmail, Philip Cachia, Safety and Improvement in Primary Care: The Essential Guide, 2020
Human memory and attention are imperfect, whether in the home or in the workplace. As a consequence, we all make mistakes. One way to mitigate errors or lapses in concentrations during everyday work tasks is through the use of policies, protocols and procedures (PPPs). The use of PPPs to improve the safety or reliability of work-based processes is standard practice in high-reliability industries, most notably in commercial aviation and petrochemical organisations. High reliability is an essential characteristic of any safe healthcare service. One way to ensure this is to standardise processes, where possible. Well-designed PPPs, therefore, have a critical importance as safeguards against potential health-care risks1 and breaching of statutory and contractual obligations.2
The Video Examination
Published in Peter Tate, Francesca Frame, Bedside Matters, 2020
Then there was reliability, on the face of it a simpler concept. Reliability is the extent to which one can rely on the result of an assessment to accurately measure the item to be assessed. For example, single measurements of blood pressure will vary because of fluctuations in the blood pressure itself, subject variation, measurement errors in the machine used to take the pressure and differences between the same observers at different times (intra-observer variation) or between different observers (inter-observer variation). Reliability can be increased by steps such as repeated measures, increasing the precision of the criteria for the assessment, multiple observers and assessor training. If an assessment rating scale has multiple items, it is possible to establish the correlation between the scores for each item. Low levels of correlation would suggest that the scores might vary randomly; high levels of correlation mean that some of the items may be redundant. Reliability measurements are bedevilled by a bewildering variety of statistical methodologies; two of the most important are Cronbach's alpha and kappa. The first is a measure of the internal consistency of the tool, with figures above 0.8 being acceptable for regulatory instruments. The second is a measure of inter-rater reliability and is the hardest measure to achieve acceptable levels.
Linking the choice of the class format and preclass learning experiences sheds light on a step further in blended medical education
Published in Medical Education Online, 2023
Cheng-Maw Ho, Chi-Chuan Yeh, Jann-Yuan Wang, Rey-Heng Hu, Po-Huang Lee
At the start of the surgery course, students were instructed to watch the online videos in advance. Then, they were free to respond to an online questionnaire (details in reference 22, also in supplementary Table S1) on the intranet [37]. A validated questionnaire in English consisting of 12 items (without sub-dimensions) [28], with a mixture of question styles including 5-point Likert-type questions, was used to collect the data. The reliability of the questionnaire is assured by parallel forms method previously [36]. Additional question, ‘if conditions permit, the preferred class format for the upcoming class is: face-to-face, online, or HyFlex “both are good”’, was added to the online questionnaire. The categories that were evaluated pertained to the following: degrees of concept agreement after pre-class online video learning, compared to the understanding before learning ranging from 1 (totally disagree) to 5 (totally agree); concepts that needs more instructions in the coming class; concepts that do not need further instructions in the upcoming class; concepts that the student had learnt most; satisfaction toward the use of online videos prior to class; preference in class format (face-to-face, online, or HyFlex) for the upcoming class; and student comments or questions. The teacher then developed the major content of the upcoming synchronous class for each round of students based on the survey responses, aiming to fill up learning gaps and towards precision medical education [28].
The Fear of Asthma Symptoms Scale and the Asthma Behavior Checklist: preliminary validity of two novel patient reported outcome measures
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Marianne Bonnert, Bjorn Roelstraete, Sten-Erik Bergstrom, Johan Bjureberg, Erik Andersson, Catarina Almqvist
For a scale to be validated there is a need for a series of analyses on data collected from the target population (20,21). A factor analysis investigates how large the common variance is between items and how many subscales the scale consists of. Tests of validity need to be performed, where convergent validity describes how well the items seem to assess the latent variable and divergent validity how the scale is different from other scales. Internal consistency reliability is a measure of the interrelationship of included items and to which degree the items jointly assesses the construct. Test-retest reliability examines the stability of a scale when administered at different time points. The aim of this study was to conduct preliminary validation of two novel scales: the Fear of Asthma Symptoms Scale (FAS) and the Asthma Behavior Checklist (ABC).
Staff perceptions of interdisciplinary team training and its effectiveness in reducing medical errors
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2023
T. Arien Herrmann, Natallia Gray, Olga Petrova
In recent years, driven by increased public awareness of medical errors, improvements in health information technology, and the emergence of quality improvement methodologies, the healthcare community has paid increased attention to the theory of high-reliability organizations as a framework to cultivating a culture of safety through collaboration, communication, and coordination [17]. High-reliability organizations are organizations that experience fewer than anticipated accidents or events of harm, despite operating in highly complex, high-risk environments [18]. The principles of high-reliability organizing have been successfully implemented in other industries such as commercial aviation, nuclear power, and the military. While the notion of high-reliability organizing is relevant to healthcare settings, the specific practices and processes by which other industries have been able to achieve high levels of safety cannot be directly applied to healthcare systems [19]. Our study indicates that one specific aspect of high-reliability organizing that could be better tailored to the unique needs of healthcare settings is ITT.