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Nutritional Deficiencies
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Deepa Bhupali, Fernando D. Testai
Chronic amnestic disorder is characterized by: Antegrade amnesia due to learning dysfunction than a defect in the retrieval mechanism.Loss of short-term verbal and nonverbal memory (retrograde amnesia).Long-term memory is usually maintained through multifocal networks.Confabulation behavior and confusion.
An Overview of Dementia
Published in Marc E. Agronin, Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 2014
When memory impairment is prominent but it is the only manifestation of cognitive impairment, a form of amnestic disorder may be the most appropriate diagnosis. An amnestic disorder was classified in DSM-IV-TR according to cause (e.g., head trauma, general medical condition, substance induced, not otherwise specified) and involves memory impairment for learning new information (anterograde) or recalling previously learned information (retrograde). It now falls under major NCD due to another medical condition (or due to traumatic brain injury, or unspecified) in DSM-5. When prominent symptoms of depression associated with cognitive impairment are present and when these symptoms improve with antidepressant therapy, the diagnosis of a pseudodementia (“fake” dementia), sometimes called a reversible dementia, would apply. The increased risk of developing a true dementia, given a history of pseudodementia, is discussed in Chapter 10.
Cognitive Disorders
Published in David F. O'Connell, Dual Disorders, 2014
Amnestic disorders can be transient or chronic. They are often preceded by clinical features such as confusion and disorientation, as well as confabulation. Patients usually lack insight into or awareness of their memory deficits. Some individuals may be aware that they have a memory problem but appear indifferent to it. Some individuals with amnestic disorder show psychological symptoms such as apathy, blunted affect, lack of motivation, and bewilderment. The onset of an amnestic disorder may be acute or gradual. Symptoms may be recurrent or persisting, depending on the etiology. The two most common substance-induced amnestic disorders arise from the prolonged abuse of alcohol and benzodiazepines.
Did King Yeongjo (1694–1776) of Joseon Dynasty Korea suffer dementia during the last decade of his reign?
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
Even though disorientation, cognitive impairment, and amnestic disorder were the most striking symptom categories, the King also showed delirium and disordered executive function. From these findings, we can infer that he also suffered from behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). For example, the King showed abnormal behaviors including sudden anger and unprompted poor treatment of officials (Won 2004), suggestive of disinhibition. In addition, the King showed signs of dysgeusia and dysorexia, such as lack of interest in the food he usually enjoyed. The suspected “wandering” symptoms (described in the next section of the article) can be fully explained by BPSD; however, the limited number of symptoms pertaining to senescence and dysphasia may not be representative evidence for dementia. A variety of symptoms and strange behaviors were seen across a 10-year period. Statements from officials often indicated errors in the King’s arguments and confirmed both personality and behavioral changes. Continuous and repeated contradiction of his own decision making, which previously had been crucial in his reign, cannot be easily explained by any other mechanism besides dementia.
Effects of chronotherapy on circadian rhythm and ADHD symptoms in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and delayed sleep phase syndrome: a randomized clinical trial
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Emma van Andel, Denise Bijlenga, Suzan W. N. Vogel, Aartjan T. F. Beekman, J. J. Sandra Kooij
Inclusion criteria were: age between 18 and 55 y; fluency in the Dutch language; clinical diagnosis of both ADHD and DSPS. Exclusion criteria were: psychotic disorder; epilepsy; type-2 diabetes; anxiety or depression requiring immediate treatment; alcohol intake >21 (men) or >15 (women) units per week; use of soft or hard drugs, ADHD medication, or medications affecting sleep within prior month; (suspected) mental retardation, dementia, amnestic disorder, or other cognitive dysfunction; shift work within prior month; having crossed >2 time zones within prior 2 weeks; having young children disturbing the participant’s sleep; BLT within prior month; glaucoma or retinopathy; for women: pregnancy, lactating, or actively trying to conceive.
Feasibility and effectiveness of cognitive remediation in the treatment of borderline personality disorder
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2018
Antonio Vita, Giacomo Deste, Stefano Barlati, Roberto Poli, Paolo Cacciani, Luca De Peri, Emilio Sacchetti
All patients enrolled in the study were recruited and followed up in the rehabilitative centres of the University Department of Mental Health of the Spedali Civili Hospital in Brescia and the Istituti Ospitalieri Hospital in Cremona (Italy). They were male or female outpatients (attending rehabilitative day centres) aged 18–65 years, who met the DSM–IV TR [1] criteria for the diagnosis of BPD as determined by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II; Maffei et al., 1997). Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) a concomitant diagnosis of mental retardation, as revealed by a Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised (WAIS-R; Wechsler, 1981) total IQ score less than 70; (2) a current or previous diagnosis of delirium, dementia, amnestic disorder or other cognitive disorders, schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder; (3) a current diagnosis of major depressive disorder; (4) a current diagnosis of substance abuse/dependence disorder; and (5) significant changes in psychopathological status (requiring hospitalisation or major changes in pharmacological treatment) in the last 2 months. Furthermore, other Axis I and II (DSM-IV TR) psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by expert clinicians through review of clinical records and a clinical interview using a symptom checklist allowing DSM-IV TR criteria to be applied, and were excluded from the study. The choice to exclude borderline patients with a comorbid diagnosis of major depression and/or substance abuse/dependence disorders was due to the evidence of impairment of cognitive functioning both in major depressive disorders, especially during the acute phase of the illness (Hammar & Ardal, 2009), and in acute and chronic substance abuse disorders (Vik, Cellucci, Jarchow, & Hedt, 2004).