China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Answers
Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Soldering fluxes are a well-recognised cause of occupational asthma. Colophony is a biological product derived from the sap of pine trees and can act as a sensitising agent producing asthma. There are colophony-free solder fluxes, but in repair shops exposure to old colophony can still occur. Isocyanates can also be produced in the soldering process, so it is important to consider other potential causes particularly in the setting of a negative inhalation challenge. Beryllium causes a granulomatous interstitial lung disease similar to sarcoidosis. Stainless steel can produce asthma but is not associated with soldering.
Inhalation Toxicity of Metal Particles and Vapors
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Most tin is used as the metal in the manufacture of tin plate (a protective coating). Most of the rest is used in alloys, including solder, pewter, bronze, and brass. Stannous and stannic chlorides are used in dyeing textiles. Stannous fluoride is used in tooth pastes. Organic tin compounds have been used as antimicrobials, in antifouling paints, and as heat stabilizers in plastics (e.g., polyvinyl).
Petrolatum: Conditioning Through Occlusion
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski
As cited by Chesebrough, petrolatum is useful in leather tanning (12). Here, petrolatum is used as an emollient to soften the hide and make it more pliable. Other leather applications include shoe polishes, leather conditioners for finished leather goods, and in waterproofing compounds for boots. Besides softening leather, petrolatum is used as a softener for modeling clay, while reducing its drying time. Petrolatum is used as a plasticizer, as a mold release agent in plastic and rubber processing, and as an additive in printing ink solvents that reduce tack. It also is used in solder flux.
Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Marc A. Williams, Gunda Reddy, Michael J. Quinn, Amy Millikan Bell
Nicotine found in e-liquids is present at concentrations as high as 70 mg/mL. E-liquid nicotine, and that derived from smoking conventional combustible cigarettes, is derived from the same cultivated tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum) that can also efficiently bioaccumulate many environmental pollutants, including heavy and transition metals like lead from its immediate growing area (Boonyapookana et al.2005, Dunbar et al.2018). The major concern here is that heavy metals like lead might inadvertently be introduced to the nicotine-containing e-liquid during extraction process (Dunbar et al.2018). Lead is also introduced into the e-liquid from the device itself (e.g., the heating coil, soldered joints, the wick, or other components), representing another mode of toxic metal exposure from vaped e-liquid aerosol by the end-user. The potential for health effects from inhalational exposure to heavy metals and metallic nanoparticulate toxicants is discussed below in more detail.
Optimum isotherm by linear and nonlinear regression methods for lead (II) ions adsorption from aqueous solutions using synthesized coconut shell–activated carbon (SCSAC)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Onyedikachi Godwin Okpara, Osareme Mercy Ogbeide, Ozoemena Christain Ike, Kosoluchi Chisom Menechukwu, Eric Chidozie Ejike
Lead is one of the nonessential and nonbiodegradable heavy metals considered a priority pollutant, it is highly toxic to humans, animals, aquatic life and environment. Lead can enter and be adsorbed into the human body through inhalation or with skin contact and can produce adverse effects on virtually every system in the body (Melichová et al. 2014). Low levels of Pb2+ have been identified with anemia, while high levels cause severe dysfunction of the central and peripheral nervous system, liver, kidney, the reproductive system, and high blood pressure (Bhattacharyya and Gupta 2006). Some of the major sources of lead released into the environment are from metal finishing industries, paint manufacture, electroplating, metallurgical industry, petroleum refining, fuel combustion, photographic materials, lead-acid battery manufacture and drainage from ore and mines (Zamzow et al. 1990, Okpara et al. 2020). Effluents from this industrial, agricultural and domestic sources are often charged with pollutants into the ecosystem through soil, water and air. Drinking water delivered through lead pipes or pipes joined with lead solder may contain lead (WHO 2018).
Ergonomic interventions for prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in a small manufacturing assembly line
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2019
Based on the video analysis, workers of six assembly workstations (gear, plate, spring, motor, screw and wheel stations) were required to stretch their hands such that this extended the recommended ranges of permitted normal and maximum areas in the horizontal and vertical planes for workers [22]. They raised their elbows above their shoulders repetitively and frequently in their work. They also bent their necks and trunks forward to check whether the small parts were properly assembled. The postures of their lower back and legs often deviated from the ideal ranges to sit astride or lean backward, and thus they repeated and maintained these types of awkward postures for 2 h. At the soldering stations that used tiny parts, additional levels of excessive strain and incessant physical stress from their fingertips to their shoulder were observed on specific body parts because these stations require additional levels of precise work utilizing a tool that fixes amorphous solder to a joint and abuts the soldering iron head. Only the work at the test and packing stations was performed in a standing position. At the test station, the workers were repeatedly asked to look down to check a finished product and to look up at the visual display terminals (VDTs) above the inspection device. At the packing station that included a manual materials handling task, 14-kg boxes were carried up to a distance of 3 m away from the packing table to the loading point.