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Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Two components are needed for making biological implants. A bioprinter containing materials such as living cells which predetermine the 3D form for creating the organ and biochemical reactor in which the manufactured organ can mature in vitro. Organ printing is defined as a computer-aided processing which cells or cell-laden biomaterials are placed in the form of aggregates, which then serve as building blocks and are further assembled into a 3D functional organ. Solid objects with complex shapes are manufactured by additive manufacturing methods and referred as 3D printing. This is a method used to manufacture objects by making layers of material arranged one over the other to get the finished article. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing method. Thin strands of molten thermoplastics materials are laid down on each other using a print-head controlled by a computer-aided design (CAD) software. The printed object will form when the material gets solidified over the print surface.
Sensor-Enabled 3D Printed Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms: Application in Pre-Procedural Planning for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Cardiovascular Imaging and Image Analysis, 2018
Kan Wang, Chuck Zhang, Ben Wang, Mani A Vannan, Zhen Qian
3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM) refers to the fabrication of objects layer by layer in an additive process from 3D digital models. It has been widely applied in the biomedical field, including prosthetics and orthopedic implants [6], [7], and tissue/organ printing [8]. Compared to numerical models, the 3D printed phantom provides a more intuitive hands-on experience to the physicians performing procedures. Due to the rapid growth of percutaneous treatments for aortic valve disease and the inherent complexity of the catheter-based intervention on a beating heart, TAVR has been frequently targeted for 3D printing-guided pre-procedural planning. With recent advances in additive manufacturing, it is possible to create a patient-specific aortic valve phantom with accurate anatomy and comparable mechanical properties. Such phantoms can be used as a pre-procedural planning platform for TAVR simulation and a quantitative tool for post-TAVR PVL assessment.
Next Generation Tissue Engineering Strategies by Combination of Organoid Formation and 3D Bioprinting
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Shikha Chawla, Juhi Chakraborty, Sourabh Ghosh
As stated earlier, the most promising aspect of organ printing would be to develop organ-on-a-chip platforms that could be utilized to develop 3D in vitro mini-organ models. Such models would prove to be the answer to the need of researchers to extend the understanding of developmental processes and disease progression and would provide successful platform for rapid drug and toxicity testing. A recent insightful study meticulously outlined this strategy of organ-on-a-chip (Skardal et al. 2017). This study describes the development of liver-on-chip and heart-on-chip platforms where first the spheroids that represent liver organoids and cardiac organoids were established using primary human stellate cells, Kupffer cells, hepatocytes, and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, respectively. This was followed by 3D bioprinting of these organoids into the microreactors using bioink derived from decellularized extracellular matrix for liver-on-a-chip and bioink comprised of gelatin fibrin for heart-on-a chip platform. Another example of liver-on-a-chip development was described by Bhise et al. where liver-on-a-chip was developed using hepatic spheroids bioprinted with gelatin methacryloyl bioink (Bhise et al. 2016). The authors also successfully demonstrated proof of concept toxicity testing of the developed liver-on-chip platform using acetaminophen, with a response similar to animal testing of the same drug. Thus, other than for organ transplantation and tissue regeneration, there is a vast potential use — as in vitro disease models, and as alternatives to animal models for preclinical testing or screening of drug molecules.
Developments with 3D bioprinting for novel drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Aishwarya Satpathy, Pallab Datta, Yang Wu, Bugra Ayan, Ertugrul Bayram, Ibrahim T. Ozbolat
Bioprinting has shown promise for the development of contractile cardiac tissue with scalable and biologically mimicked cellular organization. A fabrication strategy has been reported based on EBB by means of the integrated tissue-organ printing (ITOP) system [92]. Fibrin bioink suspended with rat heart-origin primary cardiomyocytes has been bioprinted by pressurized air with sacrificial hydrogel and a supporting polymeric frame through a 300 µm nozzle. Consequently, the maturation and development of the cardiac tissue were observed with the help of immunostaining of connexin 43 and α-actinin, indicating tissue formation of required density and the presence of electromechanically coupled cardiac cells (Figure 3(c)) [93]. The constructs exhibited contraction within the physiological frequency range (i.e. from around 10 to 2,000 Hz [94]) and patterns after treatment with known cardiac drugs such as epinephrine and carbachol. The safety and effectiveness of drug discovery could be improved if the cells incorporated in the constructs were taken from human. Further, cardiac tissue maturation gained momentum in response to inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway [95]. All these results, some illustrated in Figure 3(d), demonstrated the feasibility of bioprinting functional cardiac tissues for pharmaceutical discovery applications. In another work, constructs using the NovoGen MMX Bioprinter™, GelMA, alginate, and a photo-initiator Irgacure 2959 with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as cell components were also bioprinted and integrated with a microfluidic bioreactor to form cardiac tissue constructs [96].
Bioengineering lungs — current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Vishal Swaminathan, Barry R. Bryant, Vakhtang Tchantchaleishvili, Taufiek Konrad Rajab
Bioprinting, the ability to systematically deposit layers of biologically active cells and matrix material in order to form engineered tissue, has emerged as a popular field of study for engineering biocompatible scaffolds for the purposes of transplantation [23]. Methods within the field such as 3D-rapid prototyping and ink-jet/valve-based printing systems have the potential to fuel this new wave of ‘organ printing’, through which it would be possible to create alveolar and microvascular structures from polymeric materials. ‘Bio-printers’ may be able to produce cells and ECM simultaneously to create a complete scaffold [24–28]. A significant advantage in the use of 3D bioprinting in bioengineering matrices is the ability to precisely and consistently reproduce the anatomical intricacies found in the lung, which include 23 generations of branching pathways that have diameters as small as 0.5 mm [29]. Additionally, the ability of bioprinting technology to create layering of cells and matrix material of different origins allows it to truly replicate the hollow nature of the organ, while also addressing the need for differing cell types, varying diameter ranges of tubular airflow paths, and complicated vascularity [30]. Computational models are now being studied for the purpose of improving post-print viability and integrity of scaffolds and cells via the analysis of the printing dynamics [31]. There is a plethora of variables to be considered when bioprinting the ideal scaffold for transplantation purposes. These include, optimal density of cells printed at a time, bioprinter resolution/fidelity, mechanical and chemical properties of the bioink utilized, and post-print cell viability. The use of bioreactors post-print to perfuse necessary nutrients to the bioprinted tissue is also a current area of research [32]. Limitations in this pursuit include the medical imaging capabilities needed to ensure proper viability of printed vasculature and the research required to design a model biologically identical to that of a native organ for optimal cell growth. The high operating costs of bioprinters also serves a roadblock for future research and implementation [32].