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Low Energy Particle Accelerators and Laboratories
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
RF components (RF windows, accelerating waveguides, etc.); High-power RF couplers; Brazed and welded mechanical assemblies with high technology coating for demanding applications (ultra-high vacuum, cryogenic temperature, etc.); Beamline components (electron guns, conversion targets, collimators, ion chambers, etc.); Components for X-ray tubes (anode and cathode insulators, beryllium center frames, filament carriers, etc.).
Transportation of Bone Marrow for In Vitro Processing and Transplantation
Published in Adrian P. Gee, BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
William E. Janssen, Carlos Lee
Of primary importance in the shipping of cryopreserved bone marrow is maintenance of the cryogenic temperature. The shipping container should be opened and inspected for the presence of liquid nitrogen immediately upon receipt. In the case where the CryoMed™ “dry” shipper is employed, a thermocouple probe should be placed at the bottom of the container to determine the temperature, which should not exceed −150°C.
The human oocyte: Controlled-rate cooling Controlled-rate cooling
Published in David K. Gardner, Ariel Weissman, Colin M. Howles, Zeev Shoham, Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, 2017
Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living systems. The basic principles of cryobiology must be well known in order to get good results. Cryopreservation requires the biological sample to be brought to cryogenic temperature (—196°C) at which biological, chemical, and physical activities come to a stop. The factors playing a fundamental role in cryopreservation are biophysical—such as cryoprotectant and speed—and morphological—such as dimensions and quality of sample. For these reasons, cryopreservation of human oocytes, because of their unique features of size and physiology, experiences several difficulties.
Co-amorphous systems for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs: recent advances and an update
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Jiawei Han, Yuanfeng Wei, Yan Lu, Runze Wang, Jianjun Zhang, Yuan Gao, Shuai Qian
Conventional ball milling is sometimes inadequate to transform crystals into amorphous solids due to heat production when milling, which may potentially induce recrystallization. Given the rise of temperature, cryomilling is generally applied to compromise the generated heat during milling process [18,124]. For cryomilling, the samples were placed and sealed in milling jars, and then immersed in liquid nitrogen, followed by milling. Due to the cryogenic temperature far below Tg of most amorphous drugs, the solids are quite brittle and easily mechanically milled into disordered state. For example, due to low Tg of atenolol, Moinuddin et al. selected cryogenic milling to prepare hydrochlorothiazide-atenolol CAM [18]. The physical mixture of hydrochlorothiazide and atenolol was placed in an airtight tube and eventually became a complete CAM up to 48 min by milling at 10 Hz. Ojarinta et al. developed indomethacin-amino acids CAMs prepared by cryomilling [125]. To avoid overheating causing degradation or solid-state transition, the milling cans were removed every 10 min and cooled in liquid nitrogen for 2 min.