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Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Ankur Anavkar, Nimisha Patel, Ahmad Ali, Hina Alim
Hypercholesterolemia has been associated with diabetes and various cardiovascular diseases. The increased amount of cholesterol synthesis is caused by high activity of HMGCR (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA reductase) enzyme. Thus, the enzyme is a prominent drug target for inhibition. A study was conducted on the effect of alkaloids from roots of R. serpentina toward HMGCR activity using in silico investigations. This study concluded that, of the 12 alkaloids tested, ajmalicine, reserpine, indobinine, yohimbine, and indobine are predicted as the potent inhibitors of HMGCR and suppress cholesterol synthesis. Thus the five alkaloids can serve as potential lead compounds for developing new drugs against hyperlipidemia (Azmi et al., 2021). Another study on methanolic extract of R. serpentina reported its hypotensive and hypolipidemic effects (Shah et al., 2020).
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
As every rose has its thorn, cholesterol also has its evil effect. It is well known that high blood cholesterol levels called hypercholesterolemia are strongly related to the incidence and risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease, especially coronary heart disease (heart attack) and stroke. Cholesterol forms a large part of the plaque that narrows the arteries in atherosclerosis (118–120, 123). Cholesterols and triglycerides are water insoluble compounds; for their circulation in the bloodstream, they must be linked to a lipoprotein that is an amphipathic compound, as cited earlier (118). Among several types of lipoproteins used to transport cholesterol and triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are the two main carriers of these two fat compounds. Several types of evidence, including clinical dietary and drug trials, show that the cholesterol contained in the plasma’s low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction is the principal detrimental component, whereas high levels of cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (67). As LDL (size: 18–25 nm) is larger than HDL (size: 5–12 nm) and less water-soluble than HDL, LDL can contain more cholesterol than HDL. Therefore, when the quantity of cholesterol in LDL rises, the risks of the plaque formation in the artery also increase. While HDL is smaller than LDL and more water-soluble than LDL, the complex HDL-cholesterol can easily move in the bloodstream, thereby avoiding the accidents during this transport.
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
G. Sindhu, Chithra K. Pushpan, A. Helen
Abnormal lipid levels are a cause of concern as they are an evident potential risk to various complications like heart diseases. Global Health Observatory data indicates that increased cholesterol level is attributed to one-third of ischemic heart disease. It is also mentioned that a reduction of serum cholesterol levels by 10% reduced the heart disease in men of 40 years of age and 70 years of age by 50% and 20%. Reducing the cholesterol levels has for a long time been one of the targets for prevention and cure of heart diseases. Strategies in reducing cholesterol levels in blood includes reduction in consumption of lipid-containing foods, hypolipidemic medications that include HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, bile acid binding resins, CETP inhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, fibrates, nicotinic acid, etc. (Kramer, 2015). However, there are adverse effects from the treatment with these drugs making it challenging for clinical management of hypercholesterolemia. An important strategy in the management of hypercholesterolemia is through modification of diet and also inclusion of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
The effects of a high-fat diet on the liver of pregnant albino rats and their developing offspring
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Abdelalim A. Gadallah, Abdullah R. Almasari
Cholesterol is a fundamental constituent of a diet rich in fats. The liver naturally produces cholesterol to support the body’s normal cellular functions. As a general aspect, HFD was shown to elevate the levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream resulting in a condition known as hypercholesterolemia, which significantly increases the development of liver steatosis [5]. Furthermore, hypercholesterolemia significantly contributes to the risk of developing atherosclerosis [6]. It had been reported that maternal hypercholesterolemia is associated with a substantial increase in the formation of fatty streaks in the arteries of human fetuses and accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis during childhood. Additionally, hypercholesterolemia induced by HFD during gestation is enough to enhance the development of hepatic lesions in the fetuses [7] and to increased postnatal atherogenesis in response to hypercholesterolemia [8].
Evaluation of the anti-atherogenic potential of Egyptian artichoke leaf extract in hypercholesterolemic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Samah Fathy Ahmed, Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem, Walid Hamdy El-Tantawy
Hyperlipidemia can be described as the state of the increase of any or all lipids and/or lipoprotein in the blood. This disease is considered to be a metabolic disease that is not only largely found in advanced countries but it is also spreading widely all over the world at a disturbing ratio. Moreover, hyperlipidemia is regarded to be the main risk factor for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, heart diseases, orthopedic problems in addition to a lot more chronic diseases (Ahmed et al. 2012). It has been established that there is a strong relationship between hypercholesterolemia and widespread chronic cardiovascular diseases. The rise in low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) concentration is closely connected to the high possibility of fostering atherosclerosis (Kruth, 2001). It is a fact that hypercholesterolemia instigates the increase in producing reactive oxygen species known as (ROS) which has an essential function in the development of atherosclerosis, coronary heart problems (Minhajuddin et al. 2005). Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis are some of the medications that can efficiently lessen the levels of plasma cholesterol and which administered to patients who suffer from hypercholesterolemia. In spite of the unwanted side effects of statins, they are resorted to widely when dealing with patients who suffer from hypercholesterolemia. Hence, it is crucial to find other harmless medications that perform lipid-lowering and antioxidant activities without unwanted side effects (Choudhary et al. 2005).
Waist-to-Height Ratio Outperforms Classic Anthropometric Indices in Predicting Successful Aging in Older Adults; an Analysis of the ATTICA and MEDIS Epidemiological Studies
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2020
Efi Koloverou, Alexandra Foscolou, Konstantinos Gkouvas, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Antonia-Leda Matalas, Evangelos Polychronopoulos, Christina Chrysohoou, Christos Pitsavos, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos
Type 2 diabetes mellitus was determined using American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria (at least two measurements of fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL or the use of anti-diabetic medication). Participants who were diagnosed as having blood pressure levels ≥140/90 mmHg or used antihypertensive medications were classified as hypertensive. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as total serum cholesterol levels of at least two measurements >200 mg/dL or the use of lipid-lowering agents. Then, a cumulative score (range 0–4) indicating the overall burden of participants’ history of four major cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e., obesity, history of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia) was also calculated, and used as a proxy of overall cardiometabolic risk (participants having none of the aforementioned-risk factors received a score of 0, having one factor received score of 1, etc.).