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Recent In-Depth Insights of Nature-Based Anti-Worm Therapeutic Medications: Emerging Herbal Anthelmintics
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Applied Pharmaceutical Practice and Nutraceuticals, 2021
Ankita Soni, Paras Kothari, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
Helminths are foreign bodies, invasive, and antigenic and therefore stimulate the immune system. Adult Schistosomes mansoni cause infection in the blood vessels around the small intestine. These worms lay eggs in the vessels lumen and are trapped inside the liver which results in precipitation of hypersensitivity reaction by the antigens and thereby causing the formation of granuloma. The liver sinusoids become blocked which results in an impaired blood flow, leading to fibrosis of the liver. The immune-mediated changes can be clearly seen in skin, lungs, liver, and intestine. The severity of the indirect changes leads to chronic nature of infection. Another cause to infection is the soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Ascaris lumbricoides is the mostly responsible and accounts about 5–35% of all bowel obstructions. These worms are rarely noticed unless passed in stools.8
Trichuris
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Cristina Cutillas, Rocío Callejón
Whipworm, hookworm, and Ascaris are known as soil-transmitted helminth (STH). Together, they account for a major burden of disease worldwide. An estimated 604–795 million people in the world are infected, with whipworm5 being the third most common roundworm of humans. Whipworm causes an infection called trichuriasis and often occurs in areas where human feces are used as fertilizer or where defecation onto soil happens. The worms are spread from person to person by fecal-oral transmission or through feces-contaminated food.
Ascariasis Incidence in Children who Received Single and Repeated Educational Lectures
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
M.A. Boediman, M. Lubis, O.R. Ramayani, P.D.H. Simbolon
The incidence of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in developing countries remains high. The main cause of intestinal parasitic infections is Ascaris lumbricoides (Clarke et al., 2017; Yap et al., 2016). The groups most vulnerable to this infection are school-age children, with an intensity peaking in the 5-14 year-age group (Yap et al., 2016). Among STH, ascariasis is the most common worm infection, with an estimated worldwide incidence of 25% (0.8 to 1.22 billion people) (Bethony et al., 2006).
A holistic approach is needed to control the perpetual burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections among indigenous schoolchildren in Malaysia
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Nabil A. Nasr, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Yvonne A. L. Lim, Fatin Nur Elyana, Hany Sady, Wahib M. Atroosh, Salwa Dawaki, Ahmed K. Al-Delaimy, Mona A. Al-Areeqi, Abkar A. Wehaish, Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Rohela Mahmud
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections remain a major public health problem worldwide especially among underprivileged rural communities in tropical and subtropical regions. These infections are considered the most prevalent among the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) as they infect about one billion people worldwide [1]. They prevail exclusively in the poorest and most marginalized populations in rural areas, in urban slums or in war zones and refugee camps, but have been largely eliminated elsewhere, and thus have not received as much attention as other diseases [2,3]. The STH group includes Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and Strongyloides stercoralis. Ascaris lumbricoides and T. trichiura are transmitted by the ingestion of infective embryonated ova in contaminated food/drink or via contaminated fingers or contaminated eating utensils, while hookworm and S. stercoralis infections occur mainly via skin penetration by the infective filariform larvae that are present in contaminated soil [3]. All STH infections are treated with single or multiple doses of benzimidazole antihelmintic, particularly albendazole. A single dose has been found to be effective against A. lumbricoides and hookworms, whereas a three-to-five-day course of 400 mg albendazole daily is needed for T. trichiura and S. stercoralis [3,4].
A retrospective administrative database analysis of the association between clonorchiasis or helminthiasis and the development of cholelithiasis
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Chien-Hua Chen, Cheng-Li Lin, Chung Y. Hsu, Chia-Hung Kao
The prevalence of parasite infestation (PI), a neglected tropical disease, has declined worldwide with the improvement in living standards, provision of clean water supply and adequate sanitation facilities, and more effective hygiene habits3. However, the transmission of helminthiasis and clonorchiasis mainly depends on inter-related social and cultural factors and individual behaviors. Moreover, the temperate land surface temperature and high humidity facilitate the transmission of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. The high infection rate of clonorchiasis is mainly attributed to the habit of consuming raw freshwater fish from ponds and lakes contaminated with sewage4. Therefore, helminthiasis and clonorchiasis have still not been eliminated in the areas around the South China Sea, including Taiwan5.
Oxfendazole: a promising agent for the treatment and control of helminth infections in humans
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Armando E. Gonzalez, Ellen E. Codd, John Horton, Hector H. Garcia, Robert H. Gilman
Broad-spectrum anthelmintics comprise three main groups (benzimidazoles [BZs] and probenzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles and tetrahydropyrimidines, and avermectins and milbemycins); they are highly effective against the majority of roundworm species. Avermectins and milbemycins are active against certain ectoparasites (mites and lice), whereas BZs may also have activity against some trematode and cestode species. The majority of benzimidazole carbamate anthelminthics in veterinary and human clinical use were approved nearly 40 years ago. Despite their extensive use in treating soil transmitted helminths (STH) and other parasitic diseases, the BZ anthelminthics albendazole (ABZ) and mebendazole are far from perfect [1]. Their efficacy against some intestinal and systemic human helminth species is clearly suboptimal, and if submitted today would probably not receive approval for some label indications.