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Control of Human Intestinal Nematode Infections
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
Albendazole is a benzimidazole carbamate slightly absorbed from the intestinal tract and the most recent human anthelmintic showing a broad spectrum of action.11,12 This drug was used first in veterinary medicine. It is highly efficient against A. lumbricoides and hookworms (A. duodenale and N. americanus) in a single dose of 400 mg and for E. vermicularis in a single dose of 100 mg. In strongyloidiasis a 3-d treatment using 400 mg daily was not effective, and more studies are necessary in order to determine an effective regimen. This drug is less effective against T. trichiura than is mebendazole.13 Albendazole does not cause any significant side effects and does not produce toxic action. Due to these characteristics and to the efficacy on the main soil-transmitted helminths, albendazole is a promising drug in population-based treatments. Since albendazole, like mebendazole, is known to produce embryotoxicity and teratogenicity in experimental animals, its use in pregnant women is not recommended, especially in the first trimester of the pregnancy.
Trichuris
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Cristina Cutillas, Rocío Callejón
Whipworm, hookworm, and Ascaris are known as soil-transmitted helminth (STH). Together, they account for a major burden of disease worldwide. An estimated 604–795 million people in the world are infected, with whipworm5 being the third most common roundworm of humans. Whipworm causes an infection called trichuriasis and often occurs in areas where human feces are used as fertilizer or where defecation onto soil happens. The worms are spread from person to person by fecal-oral transmission or through feces-contaminated food.
Ascariasis Incidence in Children who Received Single and Repeated Educational Lectures
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
M.A. Boediman, M. Lubis, O.R. Ramayani, P.D.H. Simbolon
The incidence of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in developing countries remains high. The main cause of intestinal parasitic infections is Ascaris lumbricoides (Clarke et al., 2017; Yap et al., 2016). The groups most vulnerable to this infection are school-age children, with an intensity peaking in the 5-14 year-age group (Yap et al., 2016). Among STH, ascariasis is the most common worm infection, with an estimated worldwide incidence of 25% (0.8 to 1.22 billion people) (Bethony et al., 2006).
A holistic approach is needed to control the perpetual burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections among indigenous schoolchildren in Malaysia
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Nabil A. Nasr, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Yvonne A. L. Lim, Fatin Nur Elyana, Hany Sady, Wahib M. Atroosh, Salwa Dawaki, Ahmed K. Al-Delaimy, Mona A. Al-Areeqi, Abkar A. Wehaish, Tengku Shahrul Anuar, Rohela Mahmud
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections remain a major public health problem worldwide especially among underprivileged rural communities in tropical and subtropical regions. These infections are considered the most prevalent among the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) as they infect about one billion people worldwide [1]. They prevail exclusively in the poorest and most marginalized populations in rural areas, in urban slums or in war zones and refugee camps, but have been largely eliminated elsewhere, and thus have not received as much attention as other diseases [2,3]. The STH group includes Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and Strongyloides stercoralis. Ascaris lumbricoides and T. trichiura are transmitted by the ingestion of infective embryonated ova in contaminated food/drink or via contaminated fingers or contaminated eating utensils, while hookworm and S. stercoralis infections occur mainly via skin penetration by the infective filariform larvae that are present in contaminated soil [3]. All STH infections are treated with single or multiple doses of benzimidazole antihelmintic, particularly albendazole. A single dose has been found to be effective against A. lumbricoides and hookworms, whereas a three-to-five-day course of 400 mg albendazole daily is needed for T. trichiura and S. stercoralis [3,4].
Introduction to the special issue on gastroenterology
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2019
Kapula Chifunda and Paul Kelly describe important parasites associated with the gut, particularly their clinical manifestations and management. Giardia intestinalis (syn. G. lamblia) was the first parasite to be recognised under the microscope by van Leeumenhoek (in his own stool sample) in 1681. The trophozoite adheres to the enterocyte brush border which may be responsible for a mild enteropathy. Although patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia (including IgA deficiency) are at increased risk of chronic giardiasis, those with HIV infection are not and neither are children with Entamoeba histolytica infection. E. histolytica causes amoebic dysentery and amoebic abscess; however, it has to be differentiated from the non-pathogenic E. dispar which is identical microscopically and can only be distinguished from E. histolytica by molecular techniques. Cryptosporidium is responsible for outbreaks of diarrhoea and patients with HIV infection are vulnerable to severe disease. It is associated with growth failure, malnutrition and neurocognitive impairment. Soil-transmitted helminths are generally light, asymptomatic infections. Severe complications occur in Ascaris lumbricoides (obstruction of the gut, biliary or pancreatic ducts), hookworms (anaemia) and Trichuris trichuria (dysentery). One of the main strategies for preventing soil-transmitted helminths has been mass de-worming. A recent systematic Cochrane review did not support this practice.
Oxfendazole: a promising agent for the treatment and control of helminth infections in humans
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Armando E. Gonzalez, Ellen E. Codd, John Horton, Hector H. Garcia, Robert H. Gilman
Broad-spectrum anthelmintics comprise three main groups (benzimidazoles [BZs] and probenzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles and tetrahydropyrimidines, and avermectins and milbemycins); they are highly effective against the majority of roundworm species. Avermectins and milbemycins are active against certain ectoparasites (mites and lice), whereas BZs may also have activity against some trematode and cestode species. The majority of benzimidazole carbamate anthelminthics in veterinary and human clinical use were approved nearly 40 years ago. Despite their extensive use in treating soil transmitted helminths (STH) and other parasitic diseases, the BZ anthelminthics albendazole (ABZ) and mebendazole are far from perfect [1]. Their efficacy against some intestinal and systemic human helminth species is clearly suboptimal, and if submitted today would probably not receive approval for some label indications.