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Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Pediculosis capitis is caused by Pediculus humanus capitis, an ectoparasite that infests the human head. Humans are the only hosts. Adult lice require human blood to survive and die within 1 to 2 days if unable to feed. Adult lice live for about 30 days attached to the proximal hair shafts to provide close proximity to the scalp for feeding. Adult females may lay up to eight eggs (nits) per day adjacent to the scalp to allow the warmth from the head to incubate them. The nits are small (<1 mm) white-yellow oval eggs that hatch to form nymphs within a week, leaving the empty shell attached to the hair shaft. The nymphs are initially tiny, but grow rapidly to become adults in about 7 days when the lifecycle begins again. The diagnosis is based on seeing either adult lice or nits in the hair.
Pediculosis capitis at Islamic boarding schools
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
Pediculosis capitis is a disease caused by Pediculus humanus capitis infestation on human hair and scalp. This disease causes itching on the scalp that is disruptive (Madke & Khopkar 2012, Rassami & Soonwera 2012). The itching induces scratching and can lead to secondary infection and glomerulonephritis (Ash & Philips 2016, Bragg & Simon 2019). Besides causing itching of the scalp, pediculosis capitis causes negative stigma in society, especially in people in developed countries. Social pressure due to pediculosis capitis, including taking the blame for being a carrier of the parasite and shame, can be worse than the physical impact (Mumcuoglu et al. 2009, Madeira et al. 2015, Alla et al. 2016).
Inflammatory and infectious conditions
Published in Aimilios Lallas, Enzo Errichetti, Dimitrios Ioannides, Dermoscopy in General Dermatology, 2018
Vishal Gupta, Sidharth Sonthalia, Yasmeen Jabeen Bhat, Sonali Langar, Manal Bosseila
The dermoscopic features of pediculosis capitis include scalp erosions, crusting, and erythema, with this last finding being relatively subtle in dark skin (authors’ personal observations). Three different morphological types of nits glued to the hair shaft can be identified based on their color, opacity, and presence or absence of a doughnut-like structure at the distal pole (called operculum), i.e., viable nits (which contain viable embryo and are usually found closest to the scalp; Figure 18.30), abortive nits (which contain nonviable embryo and air spaces and are usually found very close to the scalp following pediculocidal treatment or >5 mm away from scalp when they form spontaneously; Figure 18.31), and empty nits (which represent the remaining involucrum devoid of operculum after the discharge of the embryo [viable or nonviable] and are localized farthest from the scalp—more than 1 cm away; Figure 18.32).
Ivermectin associated adverse events in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 reported to the FACT pharmacovigilance project
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Rita Farah, Ziad Kazzi, Jeffrey Brent, Keith Burkhart, Paul Wax, Kim Aldy
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [1]. The rapid increase in COVID-19 cases worldwide has posed an unprecedented challenge to healthcare professionals and the public health community. While vaccines are the cornerstone of curbing the pandemic, it remains critical to develop therapeutic countermeasures to reduce the morbidity and mortality of the disease. In the absence of approved and authorized medications to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, there has been an interest in repurposing currently available pharmaceuticals that may have therapeutic efficacy for this purpose. Ivermectin (IVM) has attracted the attention of researchers and laypeople since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic [2]. Currently, IVM is approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of onchocerciasis (river blindness), intestinal strongyloidiasis, rosacea, and pediculosis capitis [3].