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Diseases of the Hair
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Rodney Sinclair, Wei-Liang Koh
Clinical presentation: In its earliest stages, traction folliculitis can be present before progression to hair loss/thinning, most commonly seen at the frontal and lateral scalp areas, (Figure 23.8). Any part of the scalp can be affected depending on the focus of traction. The fringe sign may be positive. This is a retained rim of small hairs along the frontotemporal hairline in marginal TA. During the later stages, decreased follicular openings are seen, consistent with scarring alopecia.
Hair and hairy scalp
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
Hair is a modified type of keratin produced by the hair matrix (equivalent to epidermis). On the scalp, apart from its social and cosmetic function, hair protects the underlying skin from sun damage.
Role of Environmental Toxicants and Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Biddut Deb Nath, Dipti Debnath, Rokeya Pervin, Md. Akil Hossain
Sweating and Skin Problems: Owing to the inadequate activity of the autonomic nervous system, PD patients have trouble regulating body temperature, which often induces unnecessary sweating. PD patients’ face becomes quite oily, especially on the forehead and on the nose edges. The scalp seems to become extremely oily, leading to dandruff, and in certain contexts, the skin becomes harsh, wrinkled, and very dry.57
Development of a new classification and scoring system for scalp conditions: Scalp Photographic Index (SPI)
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2023
Bo Ri Kim, Seung Hyun Won, Jee Woo Kim, Minjae Kim, Jeong-Il Jeong, Jung-Won Shin, Chang-Hun Huh, Jung-Im Na
Scalp-related symptoms such as dandruff or pruritus are very common problems encountered in dermatological practice (1). These symptoms are commonly associated with various inflammatory scalp disorders, including seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Even when the patients’ symptoms are similar, the underlying scalp conditions can be very different. For example, dandruff is considered as a Malassezia yeast-related condition and treated with antifungal agents; however, a recent study of 54 Koreans with dandruff found that nearly half of the subjects had sebum levels that were even lower than in healthy controls (2), suggesting a different pathophysiology between scalps with dry vs. oily dandruff. Classification of scalp conditions or types is important for personalized treatment with the increasing demand for better scalp health. However, to date, scalp evaluation has been mainly focused on hair loss (3,4), and there has been no systematic evaluation methods for scalp skin conditions. Although the Baumann skin type system is popular for classifying the types of glabrous skin, especially the facial skin, it has limitations when applied to the scalp (5).
Heat distribution and the condition of hypothermia in the multi-layered human head: A mathematical model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Ahsan Ul Haq Lone, M.A. Khanday, Saqib Mubarak, Feroze A. Reshi
Circulatory system also plays a pivotal role in the thermoregulation of body temperature in humans by regulating the temperature distribution throughout the body. Blood capillaries permeate almost every part of the body and perform the function of heat distribution within the body and also heat exchange with the environment. Figure 4 highlights the variation of temperature in human head in relation to the temperature at head-atmosphere interface. Head receives a number of arteries that deliver blood to brain and scalp and also facilitate the distribution and regulation of temperature in the head. The capillaries running through the head and reaching the surface of the head enable blood-mediated convective heat transfer from atmosphere to the core head (Coccarelli et al. 2017). When a human head exposed to cold environment, the blood capillaries present in the scalp exchange body heat with the external cold environment and consequently, experience lowering in the temperature of the blood in the scalp. Continued exposure to cold environment transmits the effect deep into the brain capillaries, wherein the temperature gradually lowers down below the normal body temperature. This decrease in arterial blood temperature in the head as function of the duration of exposure of the head to cold environment is reflected in Figure 4.
New drugs under investigation for the treatment of alopecias
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2019
Jorge Ocampo-Garza, Jacob Griggs, Antonella Tosti
Apremilast is an oral, small molecule inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). Inhibition of PDE4 results in a higher levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which reduces the production of many pro-inflammatory mediators [9]. Apremilast is FDA approved for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, and is currently being tested for AD [42]. In a humanized mouse model of alopecia areata containing human scalp skin, apremilast caused a preservation of hair follicles and downregulation of inflammatory markers [43]. Liu et al. [44] reported a series of nine patients with AA and alopecia universalis treated with apremilast; none of the patients experienced hair growth over a 3- to 6-month treatment. However, Magdaleno-Tapial et al. [42] reported a case of a woman with AA which showed significant scalp hair growth after 15 weeks of treatment with apremilast. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single center pilot study of the safety and efficacy of apremilast in patients with moderate to severe AA is currently in progress (NCT02684123).