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Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The diagnosis of pediculosis is often made by the infected person or a family member seeing the adult lice or nits in the hair or on a comb or brush. A number of further diagnostic techniques have been employed including visual inspection (with or without magnification), use of combing (either dry with a special fine-toothed comb or wet following washing and application of a conditioner), shampooing with use of a strainer to collect the rinse water, and collection of hair clipping from hairdressers (54). In comparison, self-diagnosis is almost as sensitive (80%) as wet or dry combing, with visual inspection being by far the least sensitive technique, even with magnification. Since dry combing requires less equipment (only need the fine-toothed comb; no need to wash and condition the hair as required for wet combing) and can thus be performed in any setting, it is typically the diagnostic test of choice, particularly in school-based screening.
Pediculosis capitis at Islamic boarding schools
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
The high incidence of pediculosis can also be because of drug resistance, ineffective treatment, and reinfection (Mumcuoglu et al. 2009, Canyon et al. 2014a). The resistance of pediculocides is currently reported; it is no longer effective in killing all lice. The other treatment that can be used is fine-tooth combs. The fine-tooth combs must be used at least every 3–4 days on wet hair to be effective. However, the use of fine-tooth combs is often uncomfortable and often not routinely used. Patients who have recovered can be infected again from patients who have not recovered because of improper treatment (Mumcuoglu et al. 2009, Madke & Khopkar 2012, Alla et al. 2016).
Cholinergic Agonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar
For conferring the resistance to mammalians, malathion needs to change sulfur atom with oxygen in vivo. Detoxification occurs by hydrolysis of the carboxyl ester linkage by plasma carboxylesterases, whose activity indicates species resistance to malathion. Mammals and birds show a rapid detoxification reaction than in insects (Costa et al., 2003). Recently, malathion has been used in aerial spraying of relatively popular areas for control of citrus orchard-destructive Mediterranean fruitflies and mosquitoes that harbor and transmit viruses harmful to human beings, such as the West Nile encephalitis virus. Suicide attempts or deliberate poisoning is responsible for acute toxicity from malathion. The lethal dose of malathion in mammals is approximately 1 g/kg and skin–skin exposure leads to systemic absorption of a small fraction (<10%). In the management of pediculosis (lice) infestations, it is used as a topical preparation. Parathion and methyl parathion were widely used as insecticides because of their less volatility and good aqueous stability (Brunton, 2011).
Exposure to permethrin and cancer risk: a systematic review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Menegaux et al. (2006) conducted a hospital-based case–control study including 280 cases of childhood acute leukemia and 288 controls. Cases were enrolled in four cities in France during 1995–1999, controls were selected among patients admitted to the same hospitals as the cases and matched on gender, age, hospital, and ethnic origin (information participation rate not provided). Interviews with the mothers provided information on child’s pre- and post-natal characteristics and medical history, family history of cancer, and autoimmune diseases, parental occupational history, and pesticide use. Pediculosis (lice infestation of the hair) during childhood was more frequently reported for cases than controls (OR adjusted for age, gender, hospital, ethnic origin, and maternal educational level, 1.5; 95%CI 0.9–2.5 for one episode and 1.9 (95%CI 1.1–3.3) for two or more episodes. The OR for use of pyrethroid-based shampoo to treat pediculosis was 2.0 (95%CI 1.1–3.4); ORs for use of other types of shampoo were similar. Limitations of this study include the retrospective hospital-based design, the use of self-reported exposure, and potential confounding from use of shampoos with different formulations.
Acute organophosphate and carbamate pesticide poisonings – a five-year survey from the National Poison Control Center Of Serbia
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Žana M. Maksimović, Jasmina Jović-Stošić, Slavica Vučinić, Nataša Perković-Vukčević, Gordana Vuković-Ercegović, Ranko Škrbić, Miloš P. Stojiljković
Most of the poisonings were caused by OPPs, with malathion and chlorpyrifos comprising more than half of all cases. Fortunately, malathion (S-[1,2-dicarbethoxyethyl] O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) is one of the least toxic OPPs. Taking into consideration that malathion is less toxic compared to other OPPs, its use is widespread in agriculture, so the patients poisoned with malathion are more frequent than those intoxicated with other OPPs (Ozsoy et al.2016, Bogen and Singhal 2017, Badr 2020). Although it is registered as a pesticide, in some countries malathion is used for treating pediculosis as well (Idriss and Levitt 2009). Pralidoxime showed limited efficacy in reactivating AChE inhibited by malathion, in this study as well as in the others (Severcan et al.2019).
The new kid on the block in physical diagnosis? Introducing digital microscopy
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
In a number of instances, we may exercise the benefit of performing minor procedures during visualization with the DM. The device used enables the family physician to reach precise focus at any chosen distance from the subject’s surface. Often, an elusive retained suture remaining at any point along surgical margins is missed and may lead to a foreign body reaction or stitch granuloma. The seat of the problem of challenging missed sutures and knots may be local secretions and crusts covering the surface, skin-colored material, shortly cut stitch edges or awkward anatomical locations difficult to access (Figure 3(a–d)). When the eccentric free end of the suture material is inadequately detected with the naked eye, removal can be performed under DM visualization. Ocular examination is greatly enhanced by means of DM. By this means we are endowed with higher security of detection of cataract opacity, a minimal hyphema, purulent secretion in the tear gutter or subtalar foreign bodies or parasites. Similarly the eyelid surfaces can be safely observed for pediculosis, ectropion, trichiasis, subtle dry scales of blepharitis or purulent secretion. Traumatic or infectious corneal erosions are discovered with far greater ease with DM, whereby measurement of lesion size and delineation of the extent of corneal damage can be monitored and healing progression assessed (especially important for instances of dendritic herpetic keratitis). The common foreign body lodged in the cornea can be comfortably identified and extracted on-site, following the instillation of topical anesthetic drops with the tip of a hypodermic needle (Figure 4(a–c)).