China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Herpes
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Prevention of maternal infection includes avoidance of sexual contact with infected individuals. A preventive strategy for maternal infection involving universal screening has been proposed (Figure 52.1) [9]. Condoms can usually prevent infection from infected male partners, if the condom covers the lesion(s), however, there should be consideration for abstinence during the third trimester, as condoms do not always protect again sexual transmission. For prevention of fetal/neonatal infection, avoidance of vaginal delivery at times of primary infection is most important. If any genital lesion suspicious for HSV is seen at time of labor, a CD should be performed. About 46% of these lesions test positive by PCR. Clinical diagnosis by visual exam fails to identify all women with HSV in their genital secretions [10]. No scalp electrode, forceps, or vacuum should be used if viral shedding is possible. Prevention of neonatal infection is critical, as neonatal treatment is poorly effective at avoiding long-term CNS complications (see also section Therapy).
Neonatal Care
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Sylvia Garry, Andrew Chapman, Elizabeth Ledger
The newborn is at risk of infection from the mother throughout the perinatal period: in utero, peri-partum and postpartum – for example due to breastfeeding. Antenatal care will usually include testing for infections to minimise risk of vertical transmission, which may include syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B; national guidance should be followed. Wherever neonatal infection is identified, the mother and her partner must also be treated. For treatment of congenitally acquired infections, see WHO guidance (see references).1,6
Multiple choice questions (MCQs)
Published in Tristan Barrett, Nadeem Shaida, Ashley Shaw, Adrian K. Dixon, Radiology for Undergraduate Finals and Foundation Years, 2018
Tristan Barrett, Nadeem Shaida, Ashley Shaw, Adrian K. Dixon
A premature neonate born at 30 weeks gestation is found to have bilateral diffuse ground glass appearance in the lungs with low lung volumes. Which of the following are possible differential diagnoses? Transient tachypnoea of the newborn.Meconium aspiration.Neonatal infection.Respiratory distress syndrome.Congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
Evaluation of pregnancy outcomes in mothers with COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Masoumeh Simbar, Sima Nazarpour, Ali Sheidaei
However, in the majority of studies, there was no evidence of vertical transmission and the findings of some systematic reviews do not also support the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19 infection (Banaei et al.2020, Islam et al.2020, Mullins et al.2020). The results of some meta-analyses also showed that the possibility of vertical transmission from mother to foetus is low (Jafari et al.2021, Kotlyar et al.2021). Current evidence suggests that neonates and children do not develop severe COVID-19, and neonatal mortality is rare. However, we must be careful about the possibility of vertical transmission. It is important to diagnose neonatal infection because neonates can play a role in creating community-related infections (Saadaoui et al.2021).
Erythromycin compared to amoxicillin and azithromycin for antimicrobial prophylaxis for preterm premature rupture of the membranes: a retrospective study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Alva Fitzgibbon, Lisa Clooney, Deirdre Broderick, Maeve Eogan, Naomi McCallion, Richard J. Drew
Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) accounts for 25–30% preterm births, and is associated with significant neonatal morbidity and mortality (Goldenberg et al. 2008). With rupture of the membranes, there is loss of the protective barrier leading to a risk of ascending infection and subsequent neonatal infection (Lorthe et al. 2017; Tchirikov et al. 2018; Park et al. 2019; Richter et al. 2019). Several studies have shown the role for prophylactic antibiotics, particularly the use of erythromycin with or without amoxicillin, and there remains differences in guidelines worldwide (Kenyon et al. 2001, 2002; Tsakiridis et al. 2018; Finneran et al. 2019; Tanaka et al. 2019). The optimal empiric antibiotic regimen remains undetermined, with some recent work looking at using more novel macrolides such as azithromycin.
Point prevalence surveys of health-care-associated infections: a systematic review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Zikria Saleem, Brian Godman, Mohamed Azmi Hassali, Furqan Khurshid Hashmi, Faiza Azhar, Inayat Ur Rehman
In Canada, Denis et al. conducted prevalence surveys in both adults and pediatric settings with reportedly a high prevalence rate of HAIs in adults than in pediatric patients. One of the studies reported a 3–20 times higher neonatal infection rate in developing countries compared to developed countries [28]. Rezende and colleagues performed a prevalence survey in Brazil and reported 11.4% prevalence of HAIs, requiring inter-institutional efforts so that appropriate measures could be taken. The frequency of endemic HAIs in neonatal ICUs in a few regions, for example Brazil is 9 times higher than in the USA [29]. The higher heterogeneity in the prevalence data may be due to the different study designs and the selection of participants, e.g., study populations, races, and sample sizes, among the reviewed studies. According to the WHO, the pooled prevalence of HAIs in LMICs was 10.1%, while in HIs the pooled prevalence of HAIs was 7.6% [34]. Due to insufficient data or lack of resources in LMICs, the pooled prevalence of HAIs was significantly higher in LMICs than in HIs.