China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Current issues in understanding sexual victimization
Published in Rachel E. Lovell, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Sexual Assault Kits and Reforming the Response to Rape, 2023
Finally, the experience of intense fear or terror can leave victims exhausted. There is an adrenal dump in self-protection and recuperation. Exhaustion can set in and cause severe lethargy. Other short-term physical and cognitive effects include, among others, difficulty concentrating, distortions of perception, depersonalization, helplessness, or disorientation (SAMHSA, 2014). The victim might be literally unable to consider escape or leaving. Referred to as quiescent immobility, it is the state of complete exhaustion that occurs after a trauma when the victim has returned to a state of relative safety, like when an attack is over (Kozlowska et al., 2015). While adaptive for healing, it is maladaptive for the expectations we place on victims. Victims who fall asleep in bed with the attacker are confronted with disbelief about the allegations. After all, if they had just been raped, wouldn't they want to get help? “He came,” the victim explained, “He always fell asleep after he came. It was over. I knew it was over.” This victim provides an example of both her exhaustion as well as the subjective assessment of threats that victims make in order to guide their decisions.
An unrousable patient in the recovery room
Published in Tim French, Terry Wardle, The Problem-Based Learning Workbook, 2022
The patient has a recent history of lethargy, weight gain, and a fall. Lethargy is a very common symptom, and in isolation is a poor predictor of ‘pathology’. However, in the context of this patient, the associated symptoms provide the clues to the diagnosis. The causes of weight gain in an elderly patient include: change in diet (increase in calorific intake)lack of exercise due to poor mobilityalcohol excessfluid retention due to cardiac failure or renal diseaseliver failure with hypoproteinaemiamalignant asciteshypothyroidismhypopituitarismCushing’s disease.
D-2-hydroxyglutaric (DL-2-hydroxyglutaric) aciduria
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
Involuntary movements described have included chorea, dystonic posturing and episodic opisthotonic arching and extensor posturing [1, 3, 5]. Hypotonia has been observed in a number of patients [1, 3, 5], but there may also be hypertonia. Irritability and lethargy have been observed. Spasticity, increased deep tendon reflexes and positive Babinski responses have been present [1, 5].
Does the gut microbiome mediate antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects in schizophrenia?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Svetlina S. Vasileva, Jack Tucker, Dan Siskind, Darryl Eyles
SCFAs are the metabolic end products of microbial fermentation of dietary fibers and generally play a positive role in gut and body health [48]. Typically, they support enterocyte health by acting as an energy source. This helps maintain gut barrier integrity and reduces inflammation, which has been shown to be a key disruptor of metabolic and endocrine signaling. Dysbiosis results in changes to energy harvesting and a change in SCFA availability [51,73]. SCFAs have been shown to influence caloric intake, as well as directly interact with the enteric nervous system and vagus nerve [74]. Changes to vagus nerve stimulation through altered SCFA interaction lead to parasympathetic nervous system activation, resulting in impaired satiety and increased food intake [49,75]. Parasympathetic activation also leads to increased lethargy. This combination of increased energy intake with decreased energy expenditure ultimately contributes to weight gain.
Craniopharyngioma in a young woman with symptoms presenting as mechanical neck pain associated with cervicogenic headache: a case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Firas Mourad, Fabio Cataldi, Alberto Patuzzo, Sara Tunnera, James Dunning, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Filippo Maselli
In a series of 78 adults with craniopharyngioma, 57% of the female patients reported menstrual irregularities or amenorrhea and 28% reported impaired sexual function (Karavitaki et al., 2005). Other symptoms like nausea and vomiting (26%), poor energy (32%), and lethargy (26%) are also frequent in the adult patient (Karavitaki et al., 2005). Headache is a common presentation in patients with a brain tumor, and it is usually associated with other transient neurologic signs and symptoms; nevertheless, headache can be the only symptom in some individuals with a brain tumor (Schankin et al., 2007). Typically, headache presentations in patients with a brain tumor may mimic migraine, cervicogenic headache and tension-type headache as defined by the International Headache Society (Bülow et al., 1998; Erfurth, 2015; Forsyth et al., 1993). The pathophysiology of headaches in cases of a brain tumor is not completely understood. However, the potential traction of pain-sensitive intracranial structures, including basal arteries, venous sinuses, and basal meninges (Khan et al., 2013; Ray and Wolff, 1940) from the expanding tumor mass and hydrocephalus may play a role (Goffaux and Fortin, 2010).
Antioxidant and antifatigue effect of a standardized fraction (HemoHIM) from Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, and Paeonia lactiflora
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Da-Ae Kwon, Yong Sang Kim, Seul-Ki Kim, Sin Hwa Baek, Hyun Kyu Kim, Hak Sung Lee
Fatigue refers not only to lack of energy, but also indicates lethargy in performing daily activities (Na et al. 2013). Fatigue is caused by activities such as stress, overwork, and exercise and is associated with immunological disturbances, depression, impaired energy and mood. Many studies have indicated that fatigue after exercise can be caused by several biochemical mechanisms, such as an increase in free radicals and depletion of energy sources (Yu et al. 2006; Xu and Wang 2012). Various drugs have been used to combat the oxidative stress of fatigue but with limited success. The drugs, carvedilol and melatonin have strong antioxidant properties and potent free-radical scavenging properties, but they also carry side effects, such as diarrhoea and dizziness (Singh et al. 2002). Zhuang et al. (2014) and Bo (2015) have addressed this problem by investigating medicinal plants, such as ginseng and blueberry.