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External factors for diseases
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
Spread of communicable disease can also be checked by preventing transmission of etiological agents. Spread of cholera can be prevented by purifying contaminated food and water. Spread of malaria can be checked by preventing mosquito bite. If cholera, typhoid, and malaria originate from inside the body, then these diseases cannot be checked by preventing transmission of bacteria and malarial parasites.
Transient Receptor Potential Channels and Itch
Published in Tian-Le Xu, Long-Jun Wu, Nonclassical Ion Channels in the Nervous System, 2021
Mahar Fatima, Jingyi Liu, Bo Duan
We have all experienced an itch (pruritus), which is defined as an unpleasant sensation that elicits the desire or reflex to scratch. Itch can be evoked in the skin by chemical mediators, such as histamine, referred as chemical itch, or by physical stimuli, such as innocuous mechanical stimuli, referred as mechanical itch. Itch can be an acute sensation, associated with mosquito bite, fuzzy sweater, or a chronic condition, which raises a major therapeutic problem in many skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, and a variety of systemic diseases, including kidney failure, neurological disorders as well as cancers. Based on the underlying causative mechanisms, itch can be primarily categorized into four categories: pruriceptive, neurogenic, neuropathic, and psychogenic (1). Pruriceptive itch or dermatological itch refers to the itch induced by a pruritic mediator, such as histamine, resulting in the activation of peripheral itch neurons. Neurogenic itch is defined as itch that results from a non-diseased central nervous system. Neuropathic itch refers to itch that is caused by a damaged peripheral or central nervous system. Psychogenic itch is considered to be psychiatric in origin where the desire to scratch excessively is present in otherwise normal skin.
Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Valeria Garcia, Felipe Gonzalez
Malaria is preventable and curable (Malaria, 2018). Malaria is still prevalent in tropical &subtropical countries (latitudes closer to the equator) (Koppen Climate Classification, 2018). The African region carry the lion’s share of the global malaria burden. The WHO and other health-related organizations are working to reduce malaria by recommending insecticide-treated bed nets to protect people from infected mosquito bites in the endemic areas (Global Response to Malaria at Crossroads, 2017). Furthermore, many research groups are working to discover vaccine to prevent malaria (Malaria, 2018). Only in 2016, there were an estimated 216 million people of 91 countries diagnosed as malaria patients, which was an inflation of around 5 million cases over 2015. About 445,000 malaria patients died in 2016. In the year 2016, the African region held 90% of all malaria population and 91% of all malaria deaths. To fight this disease, funding for both malaria control (prevention) and treatment has reached an estimated US$2.7 billion in 2016. Malaria has been labeled as an acute febrile illness having an gestation period of one week or longer (Malaria, 2018). In a non-immune individual, symptoms (fever, headache, and chills) appear in 10–15 days after infective mosquito bite. Since the earlier symptoms are apparently common, it is difficult to diagnose at early stage. Furthermore, if malignant malaria is not treated timely, P. falciparum may progress to severe illness including death.
Myelopathy in West Nile virus encephalitis: Report of a case and review of literature
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Jayantee Kalita, Amar Vibhute, Mritunjai Kumar, Usha K. Misra
Our patient had encephalomyelitis due to WNV infection and remained wheelchair bound due to necrotizing transverse myelopathy. Encephalitis was consistent with fever, headache, seizure, altered sensorium, CSF pleocytosis and cranial MRI showing brainstem involvement. The complete transection of spinal cord involvement was consistent with persistent flaccid paraplegia, electromyography showing evidence of anterior horn cell involvement (fibrillations and sharp waves), unrecordable tibial somatosensory findings and MRI revealing both horizontal and vertical extensive signal changes. About 80% of WNV infected individuals remain asymptomatic. Symptomatic illness develops 2–14 days following mosquito bite. About 20% of patients develop self-limited flu-like illness characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, gastrointestinal disturbance (20–30%) with a maculopapular rash in 25–50%. The CNS invasion of WNV is considered to be a part of hematological dissemination and WNV gains entry after disruption of blood-brain barrier by proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). In the brain, WNV can infect and replicate in various types of cells, including neurons, astrocytes, microglial cells and anterior horn cells.
Symptomatic treatment of dengue: should the NSAID contraindication be reconsidered?
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2019
David Kellstein, Luiz Fernandes
At present, 1 live recombinant tetravalent dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV); Sanofi Pasteur) [8,9] is approved in Latin America that offers some protection in dengue, and several others are under development [10]. Additionally, preventive efforts center on vector management and mosquito bite prevention in endemic areas [3,7]. Therefore, care recommendations from the WHO and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are supportive in nature. Fluid management is the centerpiece of treatment and requires frequent assessment to balance oral/intravenous (IV) rehydration with the potential for fluid overload. In ambulatory patients with probable dengue and no warning signs, oral rehydration therapy (with electrolytes) is employed. With increased disease severity and warning signs, IV rehydration is used [3,7,11].
Quinazoline and quinazolinone as important medicinal scaffolds: a comparative patent review (2011–2016)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Abdul Hameed, Mariya Al-Rashida, Maliha Uroos, Syed Abid Ali, Marium Ishtiaq, Khalid Mohammed Khan
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV), is known to cause severe neurological disorders in both humans and horses. The disease in humans is characterized by fever, headache, and encephalitis to varying degree and is sometimes fatal. The mortality rate is 1%; however, the neurological disease is present in up to 14% of the patients. The virus is typically transmitted through mosquito bite, but evidence supports viral transmission by aerosol as well. This mode of transmission makes VEEV infection very difficult to control during outbreaks. Thus, prophylaxis and efficacious treatments are critical to minimizing the impact of the transmissible disease. Some 6-substituted quinazolinones were synthesized that acted through a post-entry, viral specific, mechanism of action by inhibiting viral replication through the nsP2 helicase, resulting in the prevention or treatment of diseases related to an encephalitic alpha virus. ‘Virus specific,’ that is the compounds do not use host cellular machinery to inhibit virus. Thus there are fewer off-target effects because the compounds only target the virus and not host. The synthetic compound may be administered to the lungs by inhalation through the nose or mouth. Suitable pharmaceutical formulations for inhalation include solutions, sprays, dry powders, or aerosol containing any appropriate solvent. The compounds (96–102) in Scheme 10 showed most promising antiviral activity [33].