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Specific Infections in Children
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Neal Russell, Sarah May Johnson, Andrew Chapman, Christian Harkensee, Sylvia Garry, Bhanu Williams
In children, dengue is often a milder disease than in adults and may go unnoticed but is sometimes severe. Severity is increased after previous exposure to a different serotype and in the presence of genetic susceptibility. The self-limiting dengue fever consists predominantly of fever, rash, headache and muscle and joint pain, without any clinical warning signs. Dengue haemorrhagic fever is more serious and involves plasma leakage characterised by a rise in haematocrit (>20%) and thrombocytopaenia. Clinical signs include pleural effusions and ascites, and signs of bleeding ranging from a positive tourniquet test to active bleeding (e.g. from mucosae, the gastrointestinal tract and injection sites). Severe plasma leakage leads to dengue shock, multi-organ failure and potentially death.
Diagnostic Approach to Rash and Fever in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Lee S. Engel, Charles V. Sanders, Fred A. Lopez
Dengue fever (also known as “breakbone fever” or “dandy fever”) is a short-duration, non-fatal disease characterized by the sudden onset of headache, retro-orbital pain, high fever, joint pain, and rash [78,81,82]. The initial rash of dengue occurs within the first 24–48 hours of symptom onset and involves flushing of the face, neck, and chest [83]. A subsequent rash, 3–5 days later, manifests as a generalized morbilliform eruption, palpable pinpoint petechiae, and islands of sparing that begin centrally and spread peripherally [1]. Dengue fever lasts about 7 days. Recovery from infection provides lifelong immunity to that serotype but does not preclude patients from being infected with the other serotypes of dengue virus, i.e., secondary infections.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
There is a continuum of response in dengue-infected human beings from a mild, undifferentiated fever to fatal shock syndrome. Mild dengue infections produce clinical syndromes which vary according to age. Infants and children may have an undifferentiated febrile illness or a mild febrile disease with a maculopapular rash. Often these illnesses are accompanied by upper respiratory and pharyngeal signs and pass for summer colds. Older children and adults may have an overt illness (dengue fever) characterized by the abrupt onset of fever and headache with some or all of the following: altered taste perception; myalgia; gastrointestinal symptoms; and a late maculopapular rash. The incubation period, from bite of infected mosquito to onset of fever varies from 2 to 7 days, with a mean of between 3 and 4 days. From experiments on man, it is known that the virus can be detected in the blood during the febrile phase of dengue fever. Leucopenia, involving both granulocytes and lymphocytes, is constantly found during and after the acute illness stage. The classical dengue fever syndrome has been observed throughout the world in all races and ages.
Acute kidney injury after COVID-19 vaccines: correspondence
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Rujittika Mungmunpuntipantip, Viroj Wiwanitkit
We would like to share ideas on “Acute kidney injury (AKI) after COVID-19 vaccines: a real-world study [1].” Luo et al. discovered that AKI could arise following the COVID-19 vaccinations, most notably in older people. However, the causality must be determined further. While the COVID-19 immunization is useful, we are all afraid that it may possibly be dangerous. In the current study, AKI, immunization participants may have side effects. However, no conclusions can be reached because there is no pre-vaccination information on the health and immunological status of vaccine recipients. A comorbidity in the patient could be the source of the problem [2]. Vaccination recipients may develop co-infections after immunization, which are misconstrued as a bad consequence. Dengue fever, for example, can occur concurrently [2] and cause AKI [3]. Furthermore, Luo et al. did not exclude patients with active COVID-19 infection or those who had recently been infected with COVID-19, and there is still the possibility of asymptomatic COVID-19, a common clinical problem [4], which could be another confounding factor in the observed post vaccination adverse event.
Two unresolved issues in community engagement for field trials of genetically modified mosquitoes
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Mosquito-borne diseases pose a serious threat to public health [2]. Malaria is caused by microorganisms from the Plasmodium group, which are transmitted to humans by female mosquitoes from the Anopheles genus. In 2017, 219 million people worldwide contracted malaria and 435,000, mostly young children in African nations, died from the disease [16]. Dengue fever is caused by several types of dengue viruses, which are carried by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus female mosquitoes. Each year, between 50 and 100 million people are infected with the dengue virus and about 22,000 die from dengue fever [17]. Prevention of mosquito-borne illnesses is preferable to treatment or vaccination, given the limited availability of health-care resources in some countries and the burden of these diseases [2]. However, many widely used methods of prevention, such as wearing protective clothing, spraying pesticides, or eliminating mosquito breeding grounds, have practical limitations and adverse effects on human health and the environment [2].
Targets for MAbs: innovative approaches for their discovery & validation, LabEx MAbImprove 6th antibody industrial symposium, June 25-26, 2018, Montpellier, France
Published in mAbs, 2019
Pierre Martineau, Hervé Watier, Andre Pèlegrin, Andrei Turtoi
Prof. Pongrama Ramasoota (Mahidol University, CEAR) has shown a new neutralizing human mAb against dengue virus. Dengue is a big health problem around the world, and there is no drug for dengue fever. Prof. Ramasoota and his colleagues produced a fully human antibody using PBMC from infected patients fused with SPYMEG cells to create hybridomas producing mAbs. They produced 20 anti-Env mAbs with 95–100% neutralizing activity. The antibodies were successfully tested in mice that were rescued from virus for more than several months, while the controls died in 2 weeks. Next, they moved to experiments on monkeys, where the antibody reduced the viral load in a very significant manner. In order to move to human clinical trials, they have generated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing their antibody clones. Activity testing showed no alteration in activity compared to the original clones. Clinical studies are planned in the near future.