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Infectious Optic Neuropathies
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Imran Rizvi, Ravindra Kumar Garg
Dengue virus is a flavivirus. Aedes mosquitos are responsible for its transmission in humans. The clinical spectrum of dengue fever ranges from mild self-limiting febrile disorder to severe life-threatening clinical syndromes, like dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Ophthalmological complications, in dengue fever, occur in the form of subconjunctival hemorrhage, anterior uveitis, vitritis, retinal hemorrhages, retinochoroiditis, choroidal effusion, panophthalmitis and optic neuropathies.26 The reported incidence of optic neuropathy in dengue is up to 1.5%.27 Optic nerve involvement manifests with optic neuritis, optic disc swelling or neuroretinitis. Vision loss is often self-limiting.
Severe Influenza Pneumonia and Its Mimics in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Specifically, dengue virus has a huge dynamic with multiple manifestations, from flu-like illnesses with headache, retro-orbital eye pain arthralgia, myalgia, and leukopenia to severe organ (liver, heart, and central nervous system) impairment and bleeding. Persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, and mucosal bleeding are important warning symptoms. The biphasic pattern of the fever, the truncal rash, and the elevated serum ferritin are key findings [38]. Typhoidal tularemia resulting from Francisella tularensis is characterized by productive cough, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, prostration, and frequently gastrointestinal symptoms. Typhoidal and pneumonic tularemia are the most likely forms to lead to sepsis and multi-organ failure [40].
Curcumin and Neglected Infectious Diseases
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Francesca Mazzacuva, Agostino Cilibrizzi
Similar results have been observed in the treatment of Dengue virus, as recently evaluated through an in vitro infection model (Padilla et al. 2014, Ichsyani et al. 2017). In particular, cells infected with Dengue virus type 2 were incubated with various concentrations of curcumin (1) for 24 hr. Treatment with 10, 15, and 20 μM were found to decrease the number of viral plaques and to produce an intracellular accumulation of viral proteins. Additionally, changes in cell and nuclear morphology, as well as alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, were also observed when curcumin (1) was used at a concentration of 20 μM, although these actions do not seem to determine direct effects on the production of viral particles. These data highlight the possible role of curcumin (1) in interfering with several cellular mechanisms, including the apoptosis process, in the event of Dengue virus and other viral infections (Padmanaban and Rangarajan 2016).
The expression of circulating hsa-miR-126-3p in dengue-infected Thai pediatric patients
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Methee Sriprapun, Jittraporn Rattanamahaphoom, Pimolpachr Sriburin, Supawat Chatchen, Kriengsak Limkittikul, Chukiat Sirivichayakul
Dengue virus (DENV) infection remains a major health problem in many parts of the world. Approximately 2.5–3 billion people live in its endemic areas and nearly 400 million suffer from infection [1,2]. It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus), which is composed of four distinct serotypes (DENV1-DENV4) and is transmitted via Aedes mosquitoes [2,3]. The genome consists of one open reading frame (ORF) with approximately 11 kb containing 3 structural (pre-membrane (prM), envelope (E) and capsid (C)) and 7 non-structural (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5) genes [2]. Clinical symptoms are categorized as asymptomatic infection, undifferentiated fever (UF), dengue fever (DF) without hemorrhage, DF with unusual hemorrhage, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), DHF with shock or dengue shock syndrome (DSS), and expanded dengue syndrome (EDS) or unusual manifestations with organ involvement [4]. Severe dengue infections commonly result from secondary infection with different serotypes from prior infection [5].
Defibrotide: potential for treating endothelial dysfunction related to viral and post-infectious syndromes
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Edward Richardson, David García-Bernal, Eleonora Calabretta, Rubén Jara, Marta Palomo, Rebecca M. Baron, Gregory Yanik, Jawed Fareed, Israel Vlodavsky, Massimo Iacobelli, Maribel Díaz-Ricart, Paul G. Richardson, Carmelo Carlo-Stella, Jose M. Moraleda
While the vast majority of cases are asymptomatic, dengue virus infection also has severe manifestations including hemorrhage, shock, and thrombocytopenia, secondary to widespread capillary leakage [72]. Multiple processes can contribute to vascular leakage and instability in Dengue virus infection, including direct infection of ECs and antibody-dependent enhancement, wherein poorly neutralizing antibodies drive immune hyperactivation and subsequent cytokine storm [73]. Dengue virus depends on envelope protein binding to heparan sulfate moieties for entry into target cells [68]. Dengue virus infection of ECs, furthermore, contributes to alteration of barrier functions, directs immune cell targeting of ECs, increases cytokine and chemokine responses, and augments viral load [67]. Strategies to prevent dengue virus infection of ECs stand to modulate this significant contribution to disease pathogenesis. DF, for one, might limit viral entry through inhibition of heparanase activity and subsequently decreased heparan sulfate expression on EC surfaces. DF may serve additional benefits in the treatment of dengue virus infection for its alteration of cytokine production and endothelial responses to cytokine storms, as observed in antibody-dependent enhancement. These effects may improve endothelial homeostasis to reduce hemorrhage, increase hemostasis, and promote hemodynamic stability.
Severe dengue and liver involvement: an overview and review of the literature
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Po Ying Chia, Tun-Linn Thein, Sean Wei Xiang Ong, David Chien Lye, Yee Sin Leo
Dengue is caused by dengue viruses of four serotypes DEN1 to DEN4 and transmitted by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. Globally, there are 100 million dengue cases every year with over two billion population at risk in tropical and subtropical countries [1], and 60% of the world’s population is predicted to be at risk of getting dengue in the year 2080 [2]. After dengue virus infection, the majority do not develop any symptoms and will recover without any significant events. However, some will become sick after 4–7 days, with high fever, nausea, vomiting, muscle, and/or joint pains. Among this group of symptomatic patients, the majority recover without any complications while a minority will develop severe disease characterized by severe plasma leakage, severe bleeding or severe organ failure [3].