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Tick Typhus
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
In Marburg virus disease, the patient may give a history of an insect or other arthropod bite, but there is no primary eschar, and the rash, which is mostly macular, develops on the 5th day of illness and is often followed by the development of a hemorrhagic state and, thus, may present great difficulty in differentiation from severe hemorrhagic cases of tick typhus.11
Recent advances in the development and evaluation of molecular diagnostics for Ebola virus disease
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
John Tembo, Edgar Simulundu, Katendi Changula, Dale Handley, Matthew Gilbert, Moses Chilufya, Danny Asogun, Rashid Ansumana, Nathan Kapata, Francine Ntoumi, Giuseppe Ippolito, Alimuddin Zumla, Matthew Bates
Viruses from the family Filoviridae can cause viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), including Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Marburg virus disease (MVD) [1]. There are five known Ebolavirus species, namely Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, and Reston ebolavirus, represented by the following viruses, respectively, Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV), Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Reston virus (RESTV) [2]. There is also one newly proposed ebolavirus isolated from insectivorous bats, Bombali virus (BOMV), as yet not known to cause human disease [3]. There is only one known marburgvirus species, Marburg marburgvirus, with two known viruses, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV) [2]. There is a third genus within the Filoviridae called Cuevavirus that is not linked to VHF in humans.
Clinical Manifestations and Pathogenesis of Uveitis in Ebola Virus Disease Survivors
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Steven Yeh, Jessica G. Shantha, Brent Hayek, Ian Crozier, Justine R. Smith
Marburg virus disease (MVD), another viral hemorrhagic fever also caused by a filovirus, bears clinical features similar to EVD, including a high case fatality rate and association with uveitis.12 Specifically, in 1975, following a MVD outbreak in Johannesburg, a nurse who provided care for two MVD patients developed high fever, hepatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and conjunctival injection and was subsequently confirmed to have MVD.13 Three months after recovery, the nurse developed eye pain and blurred vision and presented with acute hypertensive iritis with white keratic precipitates. When the anterior uveitis failed to improve despite intensive treatment with topical corticosteroid, an anterior chamber paracentesis was performed. Vero cell culture with the aqueous fluid resulted in typical Marburg virus inclusion bodies within the cell cytoplasm. A second aqueous humor sample, collected 2 weeks later, did not yield Marburg virus in cell culture. The patient’s clinical course was punctuated by recurrences approximately 2 and 6 months later, which were treated successfully.13
Post-exposure prophylactic vaccine candidates for the treatment of human Risk Group 4 pathogen infections
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
James Logue, Ian Crozier, Peter B Jahrling, Jens H Kuhn
Marburg virus (MARV; Filoviridae: Marburgvirus) causes Marburg virus disease (MVD) [61], with cases recorded predominantly in Middle and Eastern Africa. The MVD CFR is extremely high (from 1967 to present: mean ≈80.6%) [62]. In part due to this CFR, MARV research was an integral part in the Soviet Union’s biological weapons research program [91]. Like EBOV, MARV is a WHO Blueprint of Priority Diseases pathogen [65]. In nature, MARV is maintained in juvenile Egyptian rousettes (Roussettus aegyptiacus Geoffroy, 1810). Human transmission possibly occurs when humans are in direct contact with these cave-dwelling, frugivorous bats or their excreta or secreta [66,92,93].