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Other Double-Stranded DNA Viruses
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Schweneker et al. (2017) constructed a MVA coexpressing VP40 and GP of Ebola virus (EBOV) Mayinga and the nucleoprotein of Taï Forest virus (TAFV) to launch noninfectious EBOV VLPs (Chapter 31). Lázaro-Frías et al. (2018) used the same approach to generate an MVA-based vaccine against Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV) and Sudan Ebolavirus (SUDV). Malherbe et al. (2020) constructed the MVA-driven vaccine expressing Marburg virus (MARV) VLPs (Chapter 31) from the MARV envelope glycoprotein GP and the matrix protein VP40. The electron microscopy confirmed self-assembly and budding of the MARV VLPs from infected cells.
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Two viruses classified in the Rhabdoviridae family should be considered possible targets for antiviral drugs. One is the Marburg virus, which is endemic in Africa, and the other is the widely disseminated rabies virus. The Marburg virus causes Marburg disease, a highly fatal hemorrhagic disease with transmission and global impact potential similar to those of the hemorrhagic fever viruses of the Arenaviridae family discussed previously [172]. The rabies virus disease continues to be a frightening, fatal disease, usually transmitted by animal bite, that is especially of concern in many developing nations [262].
Marburg and Ebola Virus Infections
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
A late complication, also seen in EHF, is the persistence of viable virus in recovered patients in sites such as semen, intraocular fluid, and liver. One of the German patients transmitted Marburg virus to his wife during sexual intercourse 82 days after his primary infection. The wife developed typical MVD 4 days after exposure, and the virus was shown to persist in the husband’s semen for a total of 32 weeks.24 Another patient developed a unilateral orchitis after recovery from MVD. One of two other patients with recurrent hepatitis, following recovery from MVD, yielded the virus from biopsied liver tissue. A nurse in South Africa developed a unilateral uveitis 3 months after having had MVD, and live virus was isolated from fluid tapped from the anterior chamber of the eye.25 Although the doctor who acquired MVD from his patient in Nairobi, Kenya, had no clinical features suggesting viral persistence, regular seminal fluid samples were obtained and Marburg virus was isolated from a sample 2 months after he had recovered clinically. Ebola virus was isolated from the semen of a laboratory worker with EHF 2 months after onset of his illness by which time he had recovered.26 These findings are considered to be highly significant in that they provide evidence for the existence of a maintenance mechanism in humans and for a natural route of transmission between healthy persons.
Modern vaccine strategies for emerging zoonotic viruses
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Atif Ahmed, Muhammad Safdar, Samran Sardar, Sahar Yousaf, Fiza Farooq, Ali Raza, Muhammad Shahid, Kausar Malik, Samia Afzal
Viruses like nanoparticles are gaining the attention of worldwide scientists among other vaccine candidates as they are noninfectious entities, but their antigenic proteins are still highly immunogenic and provoke a humoral immune response in the host [22]. The capsid proteins are expressed in the suitable host, and homotypic interactions of capsid proteins are utilized to generate VLPs. This principle is utilized to produce various vaccines such as the hepatitis B virus vaccine, human papillomavirus vaccine, and hepatitis E vaccine [63]. Additionally, vaccines for the hepatitis C virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, and Norwalk virus are under clinical development [22]. VLPs lack the viral genome; therefore, they are completely safe to administer in the human body having no chance to revert to the virulent phase. Therefore, these vaccines are more reliable and effective than live attenuated and inactivated vaccines and could be administered in immunocompromised individuals [64].
Recent advances in the development and evaluation of molecular diagnostics for Ebola virus disease
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
John Tembo, Edgar Simulundu, Katendi Changula, Dale Handley, Matthew Gilbert, Moses Chilufya, Danny Asogun, Rashid Ansumana, Nathan Kapata, Francine Ntoumi, Giuseppe Ippolito, Alimuddin Zumla, Matthew Bates
Viruses from the family Filoviridae can cause viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), including Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Marburg virus disease (MVD) [1]. There are five known Ebolavirus species, namely Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, and Reston ebolavirus, represented by the following viruses, respectively, Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV), Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Reston virus (RESTV) [2]. There is also one newly proposed ebolavirus isolated from insectivorous bats, Bombali virus (BOMV), as yet not known to cause human disease [3]. There is only one known marburgvirus species, Marburg marburgvirus, with two known viruses, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV) [2]. There is a third genus within the Filoviridae called Cuevavirus that is not linked to VHF in humans.
Small animal models of filovirus disease: recent advances and future directions
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Robert W. Cross, Karla A. Fenton, Thomas W. Geisbert
Generation of a mouse-adapted marburgvirus followed a similar strategy of utilizing SCID mice to assess susceptibility. Similar to what was observed in SCID mouse infected with human derived EBOV, Warfield et al. documented a prolonged time to death associated with low viral burdens in SCID mice that were infected with human isolates of marburgviruses. This group then showed that serial passage (10–15 passages) in SCID mice could reduce the MTD to 9 days concomitant with extremely high viral burdens at time of death. The resultant pathology in the SCID-adapted isolates followed what is seen in humans with respect to multifocal hepatic necrosis associated elevated AST and ALT levels, lymphoid organ disorganization associated with elevated apoptotic activity, gradual thrombocytopenia, and mention of inability for harvested blood to clot [65].