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Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Two viruses classified in the Rhabdoviridae family should be considered possible targets for antiviral drugs. One is the Marburg virus, which is endemic in Africa, and the other is the widely disseminated rabies virus. The Marburg virus causes Marburg disease, a highly fatal hemorrhagic disease with transmission and global impact potential similar to those of the hemorrhagic fever viruses of the Arenaviridae family discussed previously [172]. The rabies virus disease continues to be a frightening, fatal disease, usually transmitted by animal bite, that is especially of concern in many developing nations [262].
Marburg and Ebola Virus Infections
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
The most recent episode of MVD was a curious case seen in a young white man who became ill with falciparum malaria 7 days after his arrival in South Africa from his home in Fort Victoria, Zimbabwe. His clinical and laboratory features were consistent with malaria, which was confirmed and successfully treated. The patient’s condition was also compatible with a viral hemorrhagic fever. However, in view of the confirmation of malaria and his response to treatment, it is doubtful if this line of thought would have been pursued had it not been for the fact that the patient’s home in Zimbabwe was a locality visited by the Australian index case of the second MVD outbreak 7 years before. Acute and convalescent sera tested by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the U.S. showed specific Marburg virus seroconversion from negative to positive, though the virus was not isolated.
Viruses
Published in Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly, The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly
As described above, Marburgvirus is a hemorrhagic fever with symptoms similar to that of Ebolavirus. Two significant outbreaks have been recorded. One occurred from 1998 to 2000 in the DRC with 154 cases and an 83% case fatality rate; the second occurred between 2004 and 2005 in Angola with 252 cases and a 90% case fatality rate (Geisbert 2015). The Egyptian fruit bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus, has been identified as a reservoir (Pigott et al. 2015).
Recent advances in the development and evaluation of molecular diagnostics for Ebola virus disease
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
John Tembo, Edgar Simulundu, Katendi Changula, Dale Handley, Matthew Gilbert, Moses Chilufya, Danny Asogun, Rashid Ansumana, Nathan Kapata, Francine Ntoumi, Giuseppe Ippolito, Alimuddin Zumla, Matthew Bates
Viruses from the family Filoviridae can cause viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), including Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Marburg virus disease (MVD) [1]. There are five known Ebolavirus species, namely Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, and Reston ebolavirus, represented by the following viruses, respectively, Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV), Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Reston virus (RESTV) [2]. There is also one newly proposed ebolavirus isolated from insectivorous bats, Bombali virus (BOMV), as yet not known to cause human disease [3]. There is only one known marburgvirus species, Marburg marburgvirus, with two known viruses, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV) [2]. There is a third genus within the Filoviridae called Cuevavirus that is not linked to VHF in humans.
Small animal models of filovirus disease: recent advances and future directions
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Robert W. Cross, Karla A. Fenton, Thomas W. Geisbert
Generation of a mouse-adapted marburgvirus followed a similar strategy of utilizing SCID mice to assess susceptibility. Similar to what was observed in SCID mouse infected with human derived EBOV, Warfield et al. documented a prolonged time to death associated with low viral burdens in SCID mice that were infected with human isolates of marburgviruses. This group then showed that serial passage (10–15 passages) in SCID mice could reduce the MTD to 9 days concomitant with extremely high viral burdens at time of death. The resultant pathology in the SCID-adapted isolates followed what is seen in humans with respect to multifocal hepatic necrosis associated elevated AST and ALT levels, lymphoid organ disorganization associated with elevated apoptotic activity, gradual thrombocytopenia, and mention of inability for harvested blood to clot [65].
Clinical Manifestations and Pathogenesis of Uveitis in Ebola Virus Disease Survivors
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Steven Yeh, Jessica G. Shantha, Brent Hayek, Ian Crozier, Justine R. Smith
Marburg virus disease (MVD), another viral hemorrhagic fever also caused by a filovirus, bears clinical features similar to EVD, including a high case fatality rate and association with uveitis.12 Specifically, in 1975, following a MVD outbreak in Johannesburg, a nurse who provided care for two MVD patients developed high fever, hepatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and conjunctival injection and was subsequently confirmed to have MVD.13 Three months after recovery, the nurse developed eye pain and blurred vision and presented with acute hypertensive iritis with white keratic precipitates. When the anterior uveitis failed to improve despite intensive treatment with topical corticosteroid, an anterior chamber paracentesis was performed. Vero cell culture with the aqueous fluid resulted in typical Marburg virus inclusion bodies within the cell cytoplasm. A second aqueous humor sample, collected 2 weeks later, did not yield Marburg virus in cell culture. The patient’s clinical course was punctuated by recurrences approximately 2 and 6 months later, which were treated successfully.13