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Pregnancy, Delivery and Postpartum
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Zahra Ameen, Katy Kuhrt, Kopal Singhal Agarwal, Chawan Baran, Rebecca Best, Maria Garcia de Frutos, Miranda Geddes-Barton, Laura Bridle, Black Benjamin
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a blood-borne virus and transmission is sexual, vertical or via blood. More than 250 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B worldwide. The risk of perinatal infection from asymptomatic mothers is high and greatest for mothers who are both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and hepatitis B e-antigen (HbeAg) positive (vertical transmission 95%).
Infection in Trauma
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
This information will aid understanding risk of infection complications later. Acute surgical intervention to mitigate infection risk is arguably more important than antibiotics. Pneumococcal vaccine may be considered in base of skull fracture or likely CSF leaks (but not antibiotics), and if the injury is tetanus prone injury it will be vital to assess the patient’s immunization history and to manage them according to national guidelines. If there is a risk of blood-borne virus infection, vaccination for Hepatitis B and storage of serum or post-exposure prophylaxis will be appropriate. Antibiotic coverage must be commenced or continued when there are open fractures
Chorionic villus sampling
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Giovanni Monni, Maria Angelica Zoppi, Carolina Axiana
A potential risk exists for maternal–fetal virus transmission as well as patient–clinician transmission in cases of women with blood-borne virus. The fairly small studies available for hepatitis B show no evidence of a transmission risk so that the risk is expected to be very low. The “e” antigen status is likely to be significant for maternal–fetal transmission (56). Although most studies examining human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suggest that invasive testing may be a risk factor in transmission and recommend avoidance, several authors more recently have suggested that the current risk of HIV vertical transmission associated with early invasive diagnostic techniques is lower than previously reported, provided that antiretroviral therapy is being used (57).
Management of hepatitis B and hepatitis C coinfection: an expert review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk, Robert Flisiak, Marta Flisiak-Jackiewicz
Hepatitis B and C viruses account for a significant proportion of liver-related morbidity globally. According to the most recent estimates, approximately 1% of the world population is infected with HCV, corresponding to 71 million active cases. Worldwide prevalence of HCV infection varies widely, with the highest number of infected patients in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean, European, and Western Pacific regions; however, data from Asia, Africa, and South America are limited. HCV is a blood-borne virus, and the most common modes of infection are: transfusion of infected blood or its products (before 1992), unsafe medical and non-medical procedures, included tattooing, piercing, and injecting drug use, with exposure to blood, and it can be passed from infected mother to baby. HCV can also be spread by sexual practices that lead to blood exposure; this mode of transmission is less frequent except for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [1, Jin F, Matthews GV, Grulich AE. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among gay and bisexual men: a systematic review. Sex Health. 2017 Feb;14(1):28–41.].
What is the alcohol, tobacco, and other drug prevalence among culturally and linguistically diverse groups in the Australian population? A national study of prevalence, harms, and attitudes
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2020
Rachel Rowe, Y. Gavriel Ansara, Alison Jaworski, Peter Higgs, Philip J. Clare
The likelihood of CALD and non-CALD populations’ lifetime and past 12 months drug administration via injection did not differ significantly in this national sample. Several studies over the past two decades have highlighted unequal distribution of harms between CALD and non-CALD groups who inject drugs. In 2008, Maher et al. found that recent initiates to injecting drug use who came from CALD backgrounds were more likely to acquire a blood-borne infection than were their counterparts from Australian-born Anglo backgrounds. A recent study involving a large sample of men who inject steroids and other performance- and image-enhancing drugs found that participants from some CALD communities were less likely to have accessed blood-borne virus diagnostic testing in the context of a number of high infection transmission risk practices (Rowe, Berger, Yaseen, & Copeland, 2017). This underlines the need to be attentive to differential risks among groups who may have lower access to AOD services, including harm reduction services and drug treatment programs. Heavy social stigma, isolation, and lack of service access have been shown to factor in infection transmission among CALD groups of people who inject drugs (Horyniak et al. 2012). Based on this evidence, harm reduction services such as needle and syringe programs need to keep being attentive to the needs of people who inject drugs from CALD communities.
Injection-related hepatitis C serosorting behaviors among people who inject drugs: An urban/rural comparison
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2019
Ian Duncan, Patrick Habecker, Dane Hautala, Bilal Khan, Kirk Dombrowski
Recent estimates from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest that between 2.7 and 3.9 million Americans live with chronic hepatitis C (HCV FAQs for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC, n.d.). Global estimates suggest that 2% to 3% of the worldwide population is infected with hepatitis C (HCV) and that it contributes to over 350,000 deaths each year (Averhoff, Glass, & Holtzman, 2012). In addition, a recent CDC report states that between 75% and 85% of people infected with HCV will develop a chronic infection. Such chronic infections are linked to a host of liver-related afflictions, including liver damage, liver failure, and even death. Furthermore, HCV is the leading cause of both liver cirrhosis and liver cancer (United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). In recent years, deaths due to HCV have even outpaced those caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), another dangerous blood-borne virus (Ly et al., 2012). In short, HCV is a serious public health issue with the potential for serious consequences if left unattended.