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Naturally Occurring Alkaloids with Anti-HIV Activity
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Immunodeficiency results in increased susceptibility to a wide range of infections, cancers and other diseases. The symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection. In the first few weeks after the initial infection, people may experience no symptoms or an influenza-like illness including fever, headache, rash or sore throat. However, they tend to be most infectious during this time. In severe cases, the people have symptoms including swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fever, diarrhea and cough. In case of improper diagnosis and treatment, they could develop severe illnesses such as tuberculosis (TB), cryptococcal meningitis, severe bacterial infections and cancers such as lymphomas and Kaposi’s sarcoma. However, the most advanced stage of HIV infection is AIDS, which can take many years to develop if not treated, depending on the individual. AIDS is defined by the development of certain cancers, infections or other severe long-term clinical manifestations (WHO, 2020).
One disease protects from another disease
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
HIV infection is associated with various diseases of similar and dissimilar symptomatology. Seventy percent of HIV-infected people experience fever, rash, and sore throat, a few weeks after the initial infection of HIV. Tuberculosis, Kaposi sarcoma, inflammation of retina in cytomegalovirus retinitis, dry, nonproductive cough, weight loss, fever in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, mild hemiplegia and other neurological signs and symptoms in toxoplasma encephalitis, fever, headache, vomiting, neck stiffness in cryptococcal meningitis, pain and burning sensation, skin blisters in herpes zoster, and other skin infections are usually associated with HIV infection (Park, 1997, pp. 261–263).
Sexual health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Rajeeb Kumar Sah, Sally Robinson
The diagnosis of HIV is made through a saliva or blood test. HIV self-testing uses a sample of saliva or a small spot of blood from the finger. The blood test is the most accurate. In the UK, HIV testing is free through the National Health Service and all pregnant women are offered a blood test as part of their routine antenatal screening.
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has the ability to attack the body’s immune system and then lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Notably, oral lesions can indicate infection with HIV, such as in Kaposi sarcoma.95 It is known that HIV is most often spread primarily by vaginal and rectal routes, but there is also evidence that pediatric HIV infections can occur during breastfeeding.96 Therefore, it is important to consider the role of the oral mucosal barrier in this infection. It has been noted that prolonged interaction of HIV proteins tat and gp120 in oral epithelial cells leads to the disruption of AJs of epithelial cells through reduction of E-cadherin, which can make the cells more susceptible to EMT97 (Figure 2). In addition, HIV-associated disruption of AJs exposes nectin-1, allowing HSV-1 binding and its opportunistic infection throughout the mucosal epithelium98 (Figure 2). Therefore, since adhesion molecules act as viral receptors, it would be of paramount interest to further understand the role of the AJs in viral – epithelial interactions in the oral cavity, to further elucidate the mechanisms by which these diseases can spread throughout the epithelium.
HIV risk behavior and testing among MS M in Bangkok 2015–2019: a short report
Published in AIDS Care, 2022
Bang-on Thepthien, Supattra Srivanichakorn, Umaporn Udomsubpayakul, Zu Zu Kyaw Sein Win, Aye Myat Myat Zaw
AIDS knowledge was defined as answering yes/no to the following questions: (1) Does having only one sex partner who is HIV-negative reduce one’s risk for HIV? (2) Does using condoms for every episode of sex reduce one’s risk for HIV? (3) Can someone who appears healthy have HIV? (4) Can someone be infected with HIV by a mosquito bite? (5) Can someone be infected with HIV by sharing a meal with an HIV-positive person? (United Nations, 2001). Each correct answer was given a score of 1, and an incorrect answered was scored zero. The sum of the scores has a potential range of 0–5, and response was regrouped into two (0 = 0–4 score sum, and 1 = a score of 5). All participants were asked whether, in the past year, they were exposed to/utilized various HIV prevention services such as free condoms, community services, or prevention education.
Ocular Tuberculosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Systemic Tuberculosis Co-infected Patients
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Sahil Jain, Priya Bajgai, Savleen Kaur, Mohit Dogra, Aman Sharma, Kusum Sharma, Deeksha Katoch, Mangat R. Dogra, Vishali Gupta, Ramandeep Singh
Subjects already diagnosed to be suffering from HIV and systemic TB co-infection were prospectively enrolled in the study. HIV was diagnosed with serological tests like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or rapid kit tests. Diagnosis of TB was made using sputum smear microscopy, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) chest or tissue biopsy specimen tested for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Systemic TB was further differentiated into pulmonary TB, extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) and disseminated TB. EPTB is defined as an isolated occurrence of tuberculosis at body sites other than the lung. Disseminated TB is defined as tuberculous infection involving the bloodstream, bone marrow, liver, or 2 or more noncontiguous locations, or miliary TB. Prior to ocular examination 52 (61.2%), 25 (29.4%), and 8 (9.4%) of the patients had been categorized to have Pulmonary, EPTB, and disseminated TB.