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Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Infections of the urinary tract often occur with opportunistic pathogens that enter the bladder and kidney. These organisms are most often bacteria of the normal flora of the intestinal tract. Sexually transmitted or venereal diseases are infections with bacterial pathogens that have acquired the ability to be transmitted during sexual acts.
Assyria
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Women were held in high esteem by society and in many legal matters had equal rights with men, but were subject to the full rigors of the law when required. Should a woman ‘[crush] a man’s testicle in an affray, one of her fingers shall be cut off’ and if the second gland was affected then ‘both her nipples shall be torn off’. Men’s genital health was further considered in passages relating to venereal disease. Discharge of pus or blood, or urine like that of ‘an ass ... like beer-yeast ... wine-yeast, or like gummy paint’ pointed to a diagnosis of gonorrhea (Sigerist, 1951 pp. 429, 482).
The Reproductive System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Infections are generally diagnosed by standard culture techniques or serologic tests. Serologic tests for syphilis include both screening and specific tests for antitreponemal antibodies. The screening tests most frequently used are the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, complement fixation tests, and the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test.
Extended-release tofacitinib improves refractory Takayasu’s arteritis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2022
C-R Wang, Y-S Tsai, Y-W Liu, Y-H Li
A 21-year-old male was transferred from a local hospital to our medical centre owing to a sudden attack of massive haematemesis. Fresh blood and clots in the oesophagus and stomach were identified by emergency endoscopy. Progressive pain over the chest and back had been noted before this haematemesis episode. He had no history of orogenital ulcers, skin rash, or ear pain. Echocardiography demonstrated aortic regurgitation (Figure 1A) and pulmonary hypertension. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiographic examinations revealed enhanced and thickened walls of bilateral common carotid artery, right brachiocephalic (innominate) artery, left subclavian artery, ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending thoracic aorta, and right main pulmonary artery, with dilated aortic root and ascending aorta (Figure 1B–F). Laboratory tests showed elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; 54 mm/h) with unremarkable platelet counts, coagulation profiles, and liver/kidney functions. Anti-nuclear and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and rheumatoid factor were absent, and immunoglobulin G4 levels were normal. The Venereal Disease Research Laboratories (VDRL) test was non-reactive, and a microbiological survey failed to identify pathogens. A diagnosis of TAK with non-infectious LVV was made in this young patient on 6 June 2018. His massive haematemesis may be related to abnormal esophagogastric submucosal arteries (Dieulafoy’s lesions), an unusual complication of TAK (8).
High risk and low HIV prevention behaviours in a new generation of young trans women in Brazil
Published in AIDS Care, 2021
Erin C. Wilson, Emilia M. Jalil, Ronaldo I. Moreira, Luciane Velasque, Cristiane V. Castro, Laylla Monteiro, Valdilea G. Veloso, Beatriz Grinsztejn
This is a secondary analysis using data from “Transcender”, which was a respondent driven sampling study (RDS) of trans women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, conducted from August 2015 to January 2016. Study methods, including survey measures are described in detail elsewhere (Grinsztejn et al., 2017; Jalil et al., 2018). Briefly, the study was conducted using RDS to obtain a robust and diverse sample of trans women. A total of 345 trans women were recruited to participate in the study. Incentives for study participation consisted of snacks, sexual health materials, make-up, a medical visit, and transportation reimbursement. STI testing included Venereal Disease Research Laboratory tests (VDRL) for syphilis screening (confirmed positive results with a microhaemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum), HIV rapid test, and rectal Chlamydia and gonorrhea detection by molecular biology. We defined active syphilis as a VDRL equals or higher than 1:8 plus a positive treponemal test. All participants with identified STI were provided treatment either onsite or through referrals within Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz). The Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI)-Fiocruz Institutional Review Board provided ethical approval for this project. All participants consented with their participation before any study procedure was performed.
Resolution of Large Choroidal Tuberculoma following Monotherapy with Intravitreal Ranibizumab
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Sahil Jain, Aniruddha Agarwal, Vishali Gupta
Mantoux test was positive with induration of 35 mm × 35 mm. QuantiFERON TB (QTB) gold (interferon gamma release assay) was positive. Venereal disease research laboratory was negative. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the chest did not reveal any foci of lesions in lung or presence of lymphadenopathy. Patient had no history of any systemic problems or infections in the past. On basis of mantoux and QTB gold, we made a diagnosis of tubercular choroidal granuloma and since there were no systemic lesions suggestive of active TB, we decided to treat him initially with only intravitreal ranibizumab 0.5 mg/0.5 ml injection. The patient responded dramatically and his vision returned to 20/40 within 2 weeks of the injection. Four weeks after injection there was a resolution of SRF in a subfoveal location with only residual SRF present temporal to fovea. At 6 weeks the patient improved his visual acuity to 20/30 with complete healing of the tuberculoma with pigmentation and sharp delineation of margins along with OCT showing complete resolution of SRF and choroidal granuloma.