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Chlamydia
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Condoms, when used correctly and consistently, provide a high degree of protection from chlamydia and other STIs [14]. Other important practices for prevention of chlamydia are screening to identify asymptomatic cases in high-risk populations, early diagnosis and treatment, and partner notification and treatment. Expedited partner treatment (EPT) is an approach to therapy where the patient delivers either medication or prescriptions to their partner without requiring the partner to present for clinical assessment. EPT is known to increase the rates of partner treatment, and to decrease the rates of maternal reinfection for various STIs [15, 16]; however, the impact on specifically chlamydial reinfection is uncertain [17–19]. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) supports the provision of EPT for prevention of gonorrhea and chlamydial reinfection [20]. As of 2020, in the United States, EPT for chlamydial infection is permissible in 45 states, potentially allowable in 4 states, and prohibited in 1 state (South Carolina) [21].
Sexual health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Rajeeb Kumar Sah, Sally Robinson
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium. It is the most commonly diagnosed, curable, sexually transmitted infection in the UK. In 2018, there were 218,095 new cases of chlamydia in England, an increase of 6% from the previous year (PHE, 2019a). At the same time, 2017 to 2018, there was a 4% rise in chlamydia infections in Scotland and a 6% rise in Northern Ireland (Cameron et al., 2019; PHA, 2019). The data in Wales are collated differently and comparing April to September 2017 with the same period in 2018 rates of chlamydia fell by 2% (PHW, 2019). Chlamydia affects both men and women across all age groups, but it is particularly prevalent among sexually active young people.
Knowledge Area 10: Gynaecological Problems
Published in Rekha Wuntakal, Ziena Abdullah, Tony Hollingworth, Get Through MRCOG Part 1, 2020
Rekha Wuntakal, Ziena Abdullah, Tony Hollingworth
It is an obligate intracellular pathogen and cannot grow outside a living cell. Chlamydia infection is a sexually transmitted infection. Certain strains of C. trachomatis (serovars A, B, Ba, C) are associated with trachoma, which is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Serovars L1, L2 and L3 are associated with lymphogranuloma venereum. Serovars D to K cause non-specific urethritis and epididymitis in men and peri-hepatitis, cervicitis, urethritis, endometritis and salpingitis (infection of upper genital tract leading to PID) in women. It can cause Reiter’s syndrome in both men and women (conjunctivitis, proctitis, urethritis and reactive seronegative arthritis). Its long-term sequelae include chronic pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. It is associated with increased rates of transmission of HIV infection. It can be transmitted to the neonate during its passage through the birth canal and may cause conjunctivitis and pneumonia.
Health literacy and knowledge of female reproduction in undergraduate students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
The contraceptive methods most commonly used by women are the oral contraceptive pill (25.9%), female sterilization (25.1%), the male condom (15.3%), and long-acting reversible contraceptives (11.6%) such as the intrauterine device (IUD).19 In one study, women aged 18–19 were more likely than women aged 20–29 to have lower awareness and knowledge of contraception.20 Additionally, women have higher knowledge of condoms and birth control pills and the least knowledge about methods such as Depo-Provera and the vaginal ring.21,22 Men know more about male condoms and withdrawal and trust both methods more than women.23 In another study, less than a third of males and approximately a quarter of females correctly answered that condoms can prevent chlamydia infection. Just over a third of all participants knew that birth control pills do not prevent chlamydia.24
Initiation of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among youth in the United States, 2015–2018
Published in AIDS Care, 2023
Joshua A. Barocas, Mam Jarra Gai, Alykhan Nurani, Sarah M. Bagley, Scott E. Hadland
We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database, which included all inpatient, outpatient, emergency department, behavioral health, and prescription drug claims from over 150 million unique individuals with employer-provided health insurance between 1 January 2015, and 31 December 2018. We identified adolescents and young adults aged 13–26 years (henceforth referred to as “youth”) who had a likely indication for PrEP based on the presence of ≥1 sexual risk factor and/or a substance use disorder with evidence of injection drug use. We defined sexual risk factors using diagnostic codes for either documented sexual activity with elevated risk for HIV or a sexually transmitted infection based on previously established International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis codes (Supplemental Digital Content Table 1). Sexual activity with elevated risk includes the following codes: “high risk sexual behavior” (ICD-9 V69.2), “high risk heterosexual behavior” (ICD-10 Z72.51), “high risk homosexual behavior” (ICD-10 Z72.52), and “high risk bisexual behavior” (ICD-10 Z72.53). Sexually transmitted infections include but are not limited to chlamydia, gonococcal infection, syphilis, chancroid, granuloma inguinale, and various herpes simplex infections. Although Chlamydia infection is not an explicit indication for PrEP in CDC guidelines (CDC, 2021c), we examined it as potentially indicating the need for PrEP since infection suggests sexual activity that could result in HIV exposure.
Adherence to chlamydia and gonorrhea follow up testing in a college population
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Agustina Marconi, Elizabeth Falk-Hanson, Janine Gage
While it is beyond the scope of this analysis, areas for future research could include differences in reason for initial presentation for testing, such as symptoms or contact to infection. It is possible that males may be more likely to test based on symptoms. Males who have sex with females are most likely to be diagnosed with chlamydia or gonorrhea urethritis, which is highly likely to be symptomatic, with symptomatic cases estimated to be between 61-94%.18This contrasts with females and MSM, in whom most infections are asymptomatic.19,20 Furthermore, past research has shown asymptomatic males with chlamydia are more likely to be in a relationship or be tested as a contact to a female with chlamydia.21 Thus, it may be informative to further evaluate reasons for initial or repeat testing in our own clinic setting.