China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chlamydial infection
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Joyce A. Ibana, Danny J. Schust
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen, which is now recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacteria in the world (1). In 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that of the 340 million cases of sexually transmitted infections, 92 million were due to C. trachomatis infection. This high prevalence rate makes it an important public health concern. In women, C. trachomatis infection has detrimental effects on reproductive health and carries considerable health-care costs. Genital infection in women is primarily localized to the endocervix, causing a clinical syndrome of mucopurulent cervicitis. The majority (70–90%) of women infected with C. trachomatis are asymptomatic (2). In untreated women, this infection can ascend into the endometrium and fallopian tubes to establish a chronic infection that can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and salpingitis. Of women with a single episode of PID, 9% develop ectopic pregnancy and 11% develop tubal factor infertility (3). In pregnant women, C. trachomatis infection is associated with premature rupture of membranes and an increased risk of preterm delivery (4). This infection can also be vertically transmitted, causing pneumonia and conjunctivitis in newborns.
Sexual health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Rajeeb Kumar Sah, Sally Robinson
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium. It is the most commonly diagnosed, curable, sexually transmitted infection in the UK. In 2018, there were 218,095 new cases of chlamydia in England, an increase of 6% from the previous year (PHE, 2019a). At the same time, 2017 to 2018, there was a 4% rise in chlamydia infections in Scotland and a 6% rise in Northern Ireland (Cameron et al., 2019; PHA, 2019). The data in Wales are collated differently and comparing April to September 2017 with the same period in 2018 rates of chlamydia fell by 2% (PHW, 2019). Chlamydia affects both men and women across all age groups, but it is particularly prevalent among sexually active young people.
Knowledge Area 10: Gynaecological Problems
Published in Rekha Wuntakal, Ziena Abdullah, Tony Hollingworth, Get Through MRCOG Part 1, 2020
Rekha Wuntakal, Ziena Abdullah, Tony Hollingworth
Further readingRCOG online learning resource. StratOG. Sexually transmitted infections (Including HIV). https://elearning.rcog.org.uk/tutorials/core-knowledge/sexual-and-reproductive-health/sexually-transmitted-infections-includingNwokolo NC, Dragovic B, Patel S, Tong CYW, Barker G, Radcliffe K. 2015. UK national guideline for the management of infection with chlamydia trachomatis. International Journal of STD & AIDS 2016; 27:251–267.
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae PCR detection in women treated for ectopic pregnancy
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Jana Racková, Jozef Záhumenský, Michael Zikán, Erika Menzlová, Borek Sehnal
Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide (Chemaitelly et al. 2019). Polymerase chain reaction proved chlamydial nucleic acid in endocervical specimen of 10.1% of Slovak women (Mikulova et al. 2013). The persisting chronic chlamydial infection can be associated with long-term problems such as dyspareunia and signs of dysuria (Peitsidis et al. 2012). However it may be completely asymptomatic in both partners and can manifest later in life as subfertility, tubal occlusion or ectopic pregnancy (Rantsi et al. 2019). Neisseria gonorrheae infection is less common and can manifest symptoms like pelvic inflammatory disease. However, it can also be a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy (Stevens and Criss 2018). While both pathogens can cause a chronic and inapparent infection, we presume that ChT and/or NG nucleic acid can be detected in cervical swab, endometrium or fallopian tube at the time of ectopic nidation. The aim of our study was to verify this hypothesis, confirm anamnestic risk factors for ChT/NG positivity and state appropriate antibiotic therapy of PID in case of statistically significant results.
Azithromycin in the treatment of rectogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections: end of an era?
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Margaret R. Hammerschlag, Roopali Sharma
In 1993 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) first recommended single-dose azithromycin along with 7-day course of doxycycline for the treatment of uncomplicated genital chlamydial infection in men and nonpregnant women [1]. Azithromycin was recommended as the first-line therapeutic regimen in 1998 [2]. Azithromycin was very attractive as a first-line treatment as its long half-life in tissue made single dose treatment feasible and addressed concerns about compliance with the multiday and multidose regimen of doxycycline. A meta-analysis of 12 randomized clinical trials of azithromycin versus doxycycline in men and nonpregnant women conducted between 1975 and 2001 published in 2002 [3] found that both regimens were equally effective with microbial eradication rates of 97% for azithromycin compared to 98% for doxycycline. The authors concluded that additional comparative studies of azithromycin and doxycycline were not necessary. However, these studies were limited to urogenital infection; urethral in men and cervical in women. In addition, diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the studies analyzed was done by either culture or enzyme immunoassay (EIA), methods which are less sensitive than currently used nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs).
UK guidelines for the medical and laboratory procurement and use of sperm, oocyte and embryo donors (2019)
Published in Human Fertility, 2021
Helen Clarke, Shona Harrison, Marta Jansa Perez, Jackson Kirkman-Brown
In order to minimize the risk of transmission of bacterial infections all prospective donors should, prior to donation, screen negative for:Syphilis. Caused by infection with Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted by direct contact with an infectious lesion or by vertical transmission (trans-placental passage) during pregnancy.Gonorrhoea. Caused by infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The primary sites of infection are the mucous membranes of the urethra, endocervix, rectum, pharynx and conjunctiva. Transmission is by direct inoculation of infected secretions from one mucous membrane to another.Chlamydia. Genital chlamydial infection is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Infection is primarily through penetrative sexual intercourse.