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Chlamydial Lipopolysaccharide
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
C. trachomatis serovars A, B, Ba, and C cause endemic trachoma in North Africa and Asia, the major cause of secondary blindness. Serovars LI to L3 cause lymphogranuloma venerum, and serovars D through K cause sexually transmitted diseases in men and women. Chronic salpingitis in women deserves particular attention since it is a major cause of female infertility. These diseases have been known for a long time, but nevertheless the underlying pathogenic mechanisms have been only poorly defined. For further details, the reader is referred to textbooks on microbiology and infectious diseases.
Abdomen and pelvis cases
Published in Lt Col Edward Sellon, David C Howlett, Nick Taylor, Radiology for Medical Finals, 2017
Faye Cuthbert, Amanda Jewison, Olwen Westerland
In female patients consider:Acute salpingitis.Ovarian cyst accident.Ovarian torsion.
The abdomen
Published in Kevin G Burnand, John Black, Steven A Corbett, William EG Thomas, Norman L Browse, Browse’s Introduction to the Symptoms & Signs of Surgical Disease, 2014
Kevin G Burnand, John Black, Steven A Corbett, William EG Thomas, Norman L Browse
Acute salpingitis is an infection in one or both Fallopian tubes, and is often associated with infection within the surrounding supporting tissues around the adnexae – hence the term ‘pelvic inflammatory disease’. The common infecting organisms are Gonococcus and Streptococcus. These organisms usually reach the Fallopian tubes by direct spread through the vagina and uterus, and rarely from the bloodstream. Salpingitis is a well-recognized complication of the puerperium and following abortion.
Impact of early surgical management on tubo-ovarian abscesses
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Stephanie Zhu, Emma Ballard, Akram Khalil, David Baartz, Akwasi Amoako, Keisuke Tanaka
This was a retrospective study of all patients who were treated for a TOA at a university-affiliated tertiary hospital between January 2013 and December 2017. A list of patients with ICD diagnoses coded as ‘Chronic salpingitis and oophoritis’, ‘Salpingitis and oophoritis unspecified’ and ‘“Acute salpingitis and oophoritis’ was provided by health information services. The electronic medical records were reviewed to identify patients with a TOA. All patients with TOA were included in the study, and TOA was diagnosed in patients who presented with lower abdominal or pelvic pain and had adnexal masses radiologically indicating a TOA on pelvic ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There were no exclusion criteria. Patient demographics, obstetric, gynaecological and medical histories, vital signs on presentation and investigation findings were collected.
Development of a Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine for urogenital infections: novel tools and new strategies point to bright future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Untreated infections or re-infections of endocervical epithelial cells with Chlamydia characteristically are chronic and can directly impact the reproductive health of women and their children. These infections can result in severe disease sequelae that can induce tissue damage and scarring and lead to endometritis, tubal factor infertility (TFI), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Ectopic Pregnancy (EP), cancers and complications in pregnancy resulting in severe disability in infants (reviewed in [4]). A recent monograph reporting a quantitative model of the natural history of Chlamydia trachomatis infections has provided estimates of the prevalence and incidence of the complications of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the absence of treatment. This UK study that focused attention on women aged between 16 and 44 years reports that the risk of PID (symptomatic or asymptomatic) following an untreated Chlamydia trachomatis infection is 17.1% and the risk of salpingitis is 7.3% and that the proportions of PID, EP, and TFI that are attributable to Chlamydia trachomatis are estimated to be 20%. The estimates based on the evidence gathered in this project are that for every 1000 C.trachomatis infections in women in this age bracket there are approximately 171 episodes of PID, 73 of salpingitis, 2.0 EPs and 5.1 women with TFI [5]. Chlamydia infection of endocervical epithelial cells also augments susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission events by enhancing migration of a cell-associated HIV strain across the epithelial barrier [6] thereby indirectly impacting reproductive health as well as national and international economies.
The effects of human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus-1 and -2, human herpesvirus-6 and -8, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B and C virus on female fertility and pregnancy
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2021
Viral infections may facilitate the spread of vaginal flora to the upper genital tract by disrupting the endocervical canal barrier and lead to upper tract disorders such as PID and endometriosis. PID is a leading cause of tubal infertility and is an inflammatory disorder of upper genital tracts in women that includes various combinations of endometritis, salpingitis, pelvic peritonitis, and tubo-ovarian abscess. Although Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia infection are two of the recognized microbial causes of PID, a variety of viral infections have also been related to PID, and significantly reduce fertility. Chronic endometritis is linked with salpingitis and is frequently identified in apparently uncomplicated infections of the vagina or cervix. However, vaginal infections are less frequent causes of endometritis, leading to uterine synechiae, and are less common than tubal occlusions resulting from salpingitis. Endometriosis may cause uterus, ovary, and fallopian tubes adhesions, thereby preventing the transfer of the egg to the tube. The presence of different viral infections in the female genital tract has also been associated with an increased incidence of endometriosis [9,11,12]. Impaired follicular growth, aberrant circulating hormone concentrations, and reduction of oocyte fertilization and implantation rates are the most common causes of infertility in women with endometriosis [13]. Furthermore, cervical infertility involves the inability of spermatozoa to enter the uterus due to damage to the cervix or cervical factors such as cervical stenosis, anti-sperm antibodies, and cervical infections from different STDs [14–16]. However, several have failed to link viral infections and infertility [17–20].