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Pelvic inflammatory disease
Published in Shiv Shanker Pareek, The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
Some cases are asymptomatic; otherwise any of the following symptoms may be present: lower abdominal pain.pelvic pain during sexual intercourse.dysuria – pain when passing urine.rectal pain.vaginal discharge – may be yellow or green in colour.bleeding after intercourse.fever.vomiting.
Conditions
Published in Sarah Bekaert, Women's Health, 2018
Pelvic congestion is a syndrome that is characterised by symptoms of chronic pelvic pain, congestive dysmenorrhoea, deep dyspareunia and problems related to fluid retention (e.g. swollen fingers, abdominal distension, breast tenderness). There may be excessive cervical secretion which in turn causes vaginal discharge. There may also be reduced libido and failure to achieve orgasm. The pelvic pain is often worse when the patient is walking or standing, and premenstrually. Examination may reveal tenderness, particularly over the ovaries. Vaginal and cervical examination may reveal an apparent blue coloration due to congestion of the pelvic veins. The patient may also have varicose veins of the legs. Investigation for endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease should be instigated.
Gynaecology
Published in Andrew Stevens, James Raftery, Gynaecology Health Care Needs Assessment, 2018
Vaginal discharge is a common presenting complaint in both primary and secondary care settings and like PID is managed by primary care, GUM and gynaecology. Vaginal discharge can result from a variety of bacterial, parasitic, viral, atrophic and traumatic causes which are often difficult to differentiate clinically from physiological causes of excessive vaginal discharge. The organisms which are most commonly associated with vaginal discharge include Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnarella vaginalis, gram negative rods, Chlamydia trachomatis, Herpes and wart virus infections. Bacterial vaginitis is a common lower genital tract infection and women with it have 100–1000 times more virulent bacteria per ml of vaginal flora than women without this infection and it is associated with postpartum and post-hysterectomy infection.
Lubricants for the promotion of sexual health and well-being: a systematic review
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2022
Caitlin E. Kennedy, Ping Teresa Yeh, Jingjia Li, Lianne Gonsalves, Manjulaa Narasimhan
Outcomes:Vaginal dryness or pain during vaginal/anal penetration.Sexual arousal dysfunctions (female sexual arousal dysfunction, male erectile dysfunction).Sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pleasure.Vaginal discharge and bacterial vaginosis.Side effects (irritation, infections [yeast; reproductive tract infection (RTI); STIs; urinary tract infection (UTI)]).STIs/HIV (incidence, prevalence, transmission, etc.).Self-efficacy, self-determination, autonomy, and empowerment around sexual health, and sexuality (confidence, communication with partners, self-esteem).Other side effects or adverse events, or social harms (e.g. coercion, violence [including intimate-partner violence, violence from family members or community members, etc.], psycho-social harm, self-harm, etc.), and whether these harms were corrected/had redress available.
A profile of the binx health io® molecular point-of-care test for chlamydia and gonorrhea in women and men
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Barbara Van Der Pol, Charlotte A. Gaydos
Epidemiologic, or syndromic, management of treatable STI is the only available standard of care in many settings across the globe. Due to common symptoms shared by several pathogens, over-treatment is frequent in the attempt to cure any pathogen that might be present [4]. For example, women with discharge are most commonly treated for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomonas since any of these infections can cause cervical or vaginal discharge. This approach may be associated with increasing potential for antimicrobial-resistant gonococcal strains [5]. Furthermore, by definition, this management strategy fails to treat any asymptomatic infections since people without symptoms are not evaluated. Estimates of the frequency of asymptomatic infection range from 30% to 55% and 20% to 40% in women and men [6,7], respectively. Therefore, syndromic management is estimated to treat fewer than 30% of cases worldwide [4]. For many decades, the WHO has been calling for improved diagnostic solutions, which has resulted in the development of several point-of-care (POC) tests for chlamydia. However, these tests are, for the most part, antigen detection assays that rely on lateral flow immunochemistry (LFI) and have varied but generally unacceptably poor performance [4,8,9].
Bacterial vaginosis: a primer for clinicians
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2019
Suzanne Reiter, Susan Kellogg Spadt
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age, accounting for nearly half of all cases [1]. In the United States, approximately one third (29%) of women aged 14 to 49 years have either symptomatic or asymptomatic BV [2]. BV is associated with an altered vaginal environment, although at this time it is unclear whether the environment is the cause or the result of BV [3–5]. BV may also be referred to as dysbiosis, which is a general term that may refer to less severe changes in vaginal flora that are not fully classified as BV [6]. Unlike vaginitis, there is no clinical inflammation in BV patients; however, a pro-inflammatory response is observed at the molecular level [7,8]. BV is characterized by a shift from Lactobacillus bacterial species to a more diversified population of bacteria that may include a wide range of species, including Gram-negative rods and facultative anaerobes [4,9]. It is important to note that BV represents a general shift in vaginal homeostasis, rather than a one-size-fits-all definition of what constitutes a shift from a ‘normal’ vaginal microbiome [4,10].