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Liver Disease—Viral Hepatitis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Hepatitis A is the most common cause of viral hepatitis worldwide and is characterized by the abrupt onset of fever, abdominal pain, malaise, jaundice, anorexia, and nausea in older children and adults. However, a number of individuals with hepatitis A, B, or C have no symptoms at all. Hepatitis B or C can have an insidious onset and symptoms may be absent or mild but can also include jaundice, fever, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, dark urine, and abdominal discomfort. Hepatitis B is 100 times more contagious than HIV and is spread from contact with bodily fluids.2 Hepatitis can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis, or liver cancer.
Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C viruses (HBC), which are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV is a dsDNA virus of the hepadnaviridae family. It is estimated that approximately 350 million people worldwide are infected with HBV worldwide. Hepatitis B can lead to liver diseases, ranging from the acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Sarkar et al. 2015). HCV is a +ve stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Around 180 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus worldwide (Goto et al. 2020). Liver cancer is the 6th most common cancer worldwide; it is the 2nd most common cause of cancer deaths. It is not realised that chronic hepatitis B is the primary global risk factor for developing liver cancer. Hepatitis B viruses cause hepatitis, which translates to “inflammation of liver.” The virus attacks the liver and weakens its detoxifying performance and ability to maintain the level of sugar in the blood. Chronic (long-term) infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C viruses can lead to liver cancer. Worldwide, hepatitis B is much more widespread than hepatitis C, making it a priority when it comes to the prevention of liver cancer. Approximately 292 million people around the world are living with hepatitis B infection (Chang 2011).
Immunomodulatory Therapies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Hepatitis B is a viral infection affecting the liver which is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids such as semen or vaginal fluids. This can occur through sexual contact, needle sharing, or from mother to child during birth and delivery. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is a major form of liver cancer, has been shown to have a strong association with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). About 75% of HCCs worldwide are attributed to chronic HBV infections as well as chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, making it the leading cause of liver cancer.
Evaluation of muscle strength and quality in North African patients with chronic hepatitis B: A pilot case control study
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2023
Jihene Bergaoui, Imed Latiri, Houda Chaouch, Jihene Ben Abdallah, Sawssen Mrad, Wided Maatamri, Amel Letaief, Helmi Ben Saad
Hepatitis B is a common serious liver infection in the world [1]. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that attacks and injures the liver [1]. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) affects between 5 and 6% of the world’s population (i.e.; over 250 million patients worldwide), with the increased risk of progression to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths per year worldwide [2]. In addition to the hepatic manifestations, such as liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, a chronic liver infection generates extrahepatic manifestations like immune, renal, articular, cardiovascular, and muscular manifestations, which can increase the morbidity and mortality associated to CHB [1–4]. Multiple studies noticed adverse effects of CHB on the functional state of the body at diverse levels, for example weakness of respiratory muscles, myocardial damage, and sarcopenia [4–6]. HBV can infect muscle fibers and a mediated immune response to viral antigens may cause muscle injuries [7]. It is advocated that patients with liver cirrhosis have the peril of losing muscle mass due to reduced protein synthesis and myofibrillar degradation that results from motor damage [8]. Motor dysfunction is a vital clinical result in patients with liver cirrhosis, and its pathogenesis is unclear [9]. Contemporary studies reported that motor damage might arise in liver cirrhosis patients, even without hepatic encephalopathy [10].
CpG DNA-triggered upregulation of TLR9 expression affects apoptosis and immune responses in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells isolated from chronic hepatitis B patients
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Bin Zhu, Tianbao Wang, Xiaoxia Wei, Yancai Zhou, Jiansheng Li
Human peripheral blood was obtained from three healthy donors aged 45.6 ± 5.23 (two males and one female) and three chronic hepatitis B patients aged 47.2 ± 3.68 (two males and one female) in The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University with the approval of Health Ethic Committee (No.2016–09-11). Inclusion criteria: patients with chronic hepatitis B had different degrees of systemic fatigue, fatigue, loss of appetite and jaundice, and were diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B by liver function, histological diagnosis, hepatitis B virus markers and hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV-DNA). The diagnosis of patients with chronic hepatitis B was consistent with the “relevant diagnostic criteria of chronic hepatitis” in the Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B. Exclusion criteria: patients who were positive for HBeAg and anti-Hbe; patients co-infected with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, or human immunodeficiency virus, hepatic decomposition; patients who had other liver diseases (alcohol liver disease, fatty liver, autoimmune liver disease, metabolic liver disease, or liver cancer), or fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver which was determined by transient elastography. This study conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written informed consent before the participation into the study.
Estimates of the prevalence of occult HBV infection in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Wen Yangyang Xie, Changfeng Sun, Hongyan He, Cunliang Deng, Yunjian Sheng
Although the mechanism and clinical implications of occult HBV infection have not been identified clearly, occult HBV infection has the risk of disease transmission through transfusion and organ transplantation [3]. Blood transmission is an important part of HBV horizontal transmission. Paid blood donors and Injecting drug users often use needles have a higher risk of contracting the hepatitis B virus through blood transmission. Blood transfusion was a major risk factor for OBI transmission when the safety of blood donor screening was low. Patients with haemodialysis or haemophilia have more opportunities to receive blood products, were at high risk of viral bloodborne infections. The prevalence rate in the above population was much higher than that of the general population in this meta-analysis.