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Dispersal
Published in Jacques Derek Charlwood, The Ecology of Malaria Vectors, 2019
In Namawala, southeast Tanzania, the dispersal and survival of Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae s.l. was also studied using mark-release-recapture methods. Resting mosquitoes were collected from houses between 08:00 and 10:00 h using oral aspirators. Mosquitoes were marked by a small quantity of DayGlo™ fluorescent powder that was blown into a plastic bag containing a 15 cm/side cage in which the mosquitoes were held. Following release, resting mosquitoes were collected, over a period of two weeks, from 11 houses. A CDC light-trap was operated daily from a sentinel house. A total of 4262 Anopheles funestus and 645 Anopheles gambiae s.l. were released over 2 days and 184 and 48, respectively, were recaptured over 10 days. Dispersal of the marked mosquitoes among the three catching and release sites is presented in Figure 4.7. For the A. funestus there was a significant net movement from Area 1 to Area 3, but this was not the case for the A. gambiae s.l., which moved in each direction equally. The proximity of Area 3 to rice fields, and hence oviposition sites, may have been a factor in determining the apparent preference for this area, especially by A. funestus.
Dams, irrigation and health
Published in Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem, Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 2018
Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem
Table 16.1 lists the mosquitoes which may be affected by irrigation development and relates them to their role as vectors of arboviruses, malaria and filariasis. Figure 16.1 depicts the changes in human-biting mosquitoes that resulted from irrigation in Kenya. Of special importance is the increase in Anopheles gambiae which is the major African vector of malaria and also carries arboviral infections and Bancroftian filariasis.
Water-related insect vectors of disease *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Malaria is caused by single-celled protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. In 2010, there were an estimated 219 million cases worldwide resulting in 660,000 deaths (World Health Organization, 2012). Most (90 percent) of the malaria deaths are in Africa, primarily because of the anthropophilic (human-biting) nature of the dominant African vector mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis(collectively termed Anopheles gambiae sensu lato), as well as the predominance in Africa of Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly of the five human malaria species (P falciparum, P vivax, P malariae, P ovale, P knowlesi).
Malaria interventions and control programes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A narrative review
Published in Cogent Medicine, 2021
Akwaowo Bassey Orok, Olusola Ajibaye, O. Oluwagbemiga Aina, Godswill Iboma, Sunday Adagyo Oboshi, Bamidele Iwalokun
Vector control remains the most generally effective measure to prevent malaria transmission and is therefore one of the four basic technical elements of the global malaria control strategy (GMCS) (World Health Organization, 2006). Basic requirements that guarantee vectoral control includes; human shelters that have walls to be sprayed, access to the interior of all houses, and a relatively stable human population without a high frequency of replastering of sprayable surfaces (World Health Organization, 2006). But, sadly, in most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, culture, tradition and religion debars access to human shelter. In most houses in northern parts of Nigeria and other places, inscriptions on door post such as “ba shiga” meaning “visitors are not allowed” is boldly written. In such scenario, malaria control officers are not excluded. Conditions such as these are counter-productive in malaria eradication effort aside from exophilic vectors, pyrethroid and DDT resistance, which has now been established in Anopheles gambiae (Badolo et al., 2012).
Cellular mechanisms regulating synthetic sex ratio distortion in the Anopheles gambiae germline
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Roya Elaine Haghighat-Khah, Atashi Sharma, Mariana Reis Wunderlich, Giulia Morselli, Louise Anna Marston, Christopher Bamikole, Ann Hall, Nace Kranjc, Chrysanthi Taxiarchi, Igor Sharakhov, Roberto Galizi
Malaria is one of the most severe global health problems. Caused by the Plasmodium parasite, malaria was responsible for an estimated 435,000 deaths in 2017, mostly in Africa [1]. The Anopheles gambiae complex includes the most efficient vectors of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Only the female mosquitoes take human blood meals to obtain essential nutrients for the development of their eggs and transmit the malaria-causing parasites during an infective bite. The use of genetic control to reduce the population of malaria vectors offers a new promising tool to complement existing mosquito control strategies that aim to reduce the public health burden of malaria. One of the most powerful genetic control approaches proposed, known as sex ratio distortion (SD), requires the development of fully fertile Anopheles male mosquitoes that are able to produce a normal number of progenies but mostly consisting of males. Their release in wild populations would cause a progressive reduction in the number of malaria-transmitting females and, at the same time, diminish their population size. Naturally occurring male-biased SD systems (also defined as natural ‘meiotic drivers’), found in Aedes aegypti [2] and Culex pipiens [3] males, are associated with preferential breakage of sex chromosomes during the first meiotic division [2,3].
Bio-efficacy of ultrasound exposure against immature stages of common house mosquitoes under laboratory conditions
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Mohammad Sistanizadeh-Aghdam, Mohammad Reza Abai, Mansoureh Shayeghi, Amir Hossein Mahvi, Ahmad Raeisi
It has also been reported that ultrasound irradiation may produce a combination of chemical, thermal, and mechanical effects on biological systems (Kratochvil and Mornstein 2006). An experimental study of the adult stage of Anopheles gambiae was carried out in adult stage of An. gambiae using a combination of an air conditioner (AC) and an inbuilt ultrasonic device (AC-UD) in order to assess knockdown and mortality rates in a excite-repellency test chamber including ‘fan ON + ultrasonic ON’, ‘fan ON + ultrasonic OFF’, and ‘fan OFF + ultrasonic ON’ as independent variables. The results showed that a combination of the ultrasonic device and fan ON was relatively more effective (62.7%) on knocking down and/or expelling Anopheles gambiae after 24 hours. The findings indicated that turning on both the ultrasonic device and the air conditioner was more effective for personal protection against mosquitoes in the indoor situation (Okorie et al. 2015). Two types of commercially available devices emitting ultrasound waves were evaluated as the physical larvicides against Culex larvae and the results showed 84–100% larval mortality without any side effects on non-target aquatic organisms (Fredregill et al. 2015).