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Lower legs
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
Causes of secondary lymphoedema Infection – recurrent streptococcal infections.Filariasis. Wuchereria bancrofti microfiliariae are transmitted by mosquito bites. They mature into adult worms which obstruct the lymphatics. Think of it in patients from the tropics.Inflammation – chronic eczema or psoriasis.
Some Case Histories
Published in Jacques Derek Charlwood, The Ecology of Malaria Vectors, 2019
Among recaptured mosquitoes, there was an overall infection rate of 57% and an infective rate of 7% (which was higher than the rates seen in unmarked insects, but this was not surprising because the marked population was an ageing one). One marked mosquito was collected five days after release, 1.8 km from the release site. It contained one L2 and 43 sausage-stage larvae. Thus, in that experiment at least, infection with Wuchereria bancrofti did not appear to affect survival.
Engineering control of insect-borne diseases
Published in Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem, Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 2018
Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem
There are two main kinds of mosquito-borne filariasis. The first, Bancroftian filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti causes 90% of all cases of infection and occurs widely in the tropics (Figure 15.5). In certain areas, particularly in the towns and cities of Asia, Egypt and coastal Brazil, it is transmitted by the night-feeding Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Culex pipiens is a group or ‘complex’ of closely related mosquitoes (Curtis and Feachem 1981), which vary in such physiological characteristics as ability to hibernate or lay their first batch of eggs without taking a blood meal. The member of the Culex pipiens complex most widespread as a vector of Bancroftian filariasis is Culex quinquefasciatus which is the principal vector in the coastal cities of Brazil and of East Africa, and through much of urban Asia. However, in China and Japan the vector is C. pipiens pallens, while in Egypt it is C. pipiens molestus. Bancroftian filariasis is also transmitted by other mosquitoes (Figure 15.5). In much of Africa it is transmitted by the same Anopheles species that transmit malaria. In Polynesia, it is transmitted by day-feeding Aedes species and is one of the major disease problems of the area.
Deciphering the anti-filarial potential of bioactive compounds from Ocimum sanctum: a combined experimental and computational study
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Ayushi Mishra, Vipin Kumar, Anchal Singh
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major health concern of tropical and sub-tropical countries. The disease is caused by three nematode worms: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Presently 893 million people in 49 countries are living at the risk of LF (Cromwell et al. 2020). The World Health Organisation (WHO) sponsored the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) and recommends Triple Drug Therapy to block the transmission of Lymphatic Filariasis. The triple drug therapy comprises drugs ivermectin (IVM), diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole which have to be administered to the entire population living in endemic areas. These drugs are effective only on the larval stages and are completely ineffective on adult worms (Wadhawan et al. 2014). Several adverse effects are associated with anti-filarial drugs which include fever, headache, myalgia, fatigue, hypertension, vomiting, cough, seizures, vision problems, etc. (Behera and Bhatnagar 2018). Hence, there is an urgent need to find anti-filarial drugs with adulticidal activity and minimal side effects.
Immunomodulatory potential of recombinant filarial protein, rWbL2, and its therapeutic implication in experimental ulcerative colitis in mouse
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2018
Namdev Togre, Priyanka Bhoj, Nitin Amdare, Kalyan Goswami, Aaditya Tarnekar, Moreshwar Shende
Many parasitic helminths including filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti, for their survival in the host, secrete specific filarial proteins and modulate host immune response towards favorable anti-inflammatory environment. The down-regulation of inflammatory host immune reactions is suggested to be induced by secreted products of the nematodes22. Helminths mediated immunomodulation, therefore, might prove to be potentially useful alternative therapeutic agents to treat immunological imbalance like autoimmune and allergic diseases. However, owing to such non-specific, broad spectrum immunosuppressive effect which plays a vital role in the establishment of active parasitism within the host, it is imperative that only the specific purified parasitic protein should be exploited for selective therapeutic impact. Our earlier encouraging result of the preventive impact of filarial protein against the development of ulcerative colitis prompted us to validate therapeutic potential of this specific purified filarial protein by combating inflammatory effect of ulcerative colitis through immunosuppression13.
Impact of gamma irradiation on the development and reproduction of Culex pipiens (Diptera; Culicidae)
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2018
Mosquitoes play a serious role as vectors of numerous vertebrate blood pathogens. Culex pipiens Linnaeus (L) is a very common mosquito species in Egypt (Hassan et al. 2003; El-Kholy et al. 2018) studied its possible role in Hepatitis C virus transmission. It is the overwhelming vector of Wuchereria bancrofti that causes filariasis in humans (Abdel-Hamid et al. 2013), Rift Valley fever virus (El-Bahnasawy et al. 2013a) and West Nile virus (El-Bahnasawy et al. 2013b). Contemporary control methods, which largely rely on chemical insecticides, are not always effective due to the prevalent resistance of the mosquitoes to these insecticides. In addition, chemical insecticides have adverse effects on the environment, health and food chain through biomagnification of chemicals to the levels that exceed normal (Kumar et al. 2013).