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The Parasitic Protozoa and Helminth Worms
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Human filariasis is caused by infections with several species of nematode worms, the females of which produce larvae that are released in the body of the host, often in the blood, until taken up by an arthropod vector. The most important manifestations are lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. In lymphatic filariasis, caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori and transmitted by mosquitoes, the adults live in the lymphatics, and the disease is characterized by lymphatic blockage resulting in swelling of the limbs, scrotum and other parts of the body causing the condition known as elephantiasis. In onchocerciasis, caused by Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted by blackflies belonging to the genus Simulium, the adults live in skin nodules, and the disease is characterized by blindness.
Mosquitoes
Published in Jerome Goddard, Public Health Entomology, 2022
Lymphatic filariasis. Several species of nematode worms may cause lymphatic filariasis, an important human mosquito-borne disease occurring in much of the world (Figure 9.8). Malayan filariasis, caused by Brugia malayi, is mostly confined to Southeast Asia, and the Bancroftian form, Wucheria bancrofti, is prevalent over much of the tropical world. In 2000, the WHO estimated that 120 million people were infected with Bancroftian or Brugian filariasis, with an additional 1.34 billion persons at risk.11 That number is now significantly lower due to mass drug administration using ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and other compounds.12 In the Western Hemisphere, 80% of lymphatic filariasis occurs in Haiti, likely imported from Africa with the slave trade.13 Human filariasis is transmitted solely by mosquitoes, and there is no multiplication of the parasite, only development, in the mosquito vector. In addition, the adult worms may live up to 10 years in humans.14
Infectious disease
Published in Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan, Essential Notes for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2021
Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan
Lymphatic filaria (Brugia malayi, Wuchereria bancrofti) are spread via mosquitoes and cause episodic fever and lymphangitis. Recurrent infections may cause fibrosis of the lymphatics (elephantiasis). Skin filaria include Onchocerca volvulus which is transmitted by the black fly and invades the skin and eyes (River blindness).
In vivo activity and atom pair fingerprint analysis of MMV665941 against the apicomplexan parasite Babesia microti, the causative agent of babesiosis in humans and rodents
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Mohamed Abdo Rizk, Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed, Ikuo Igarashi
MMV665941 was also found to be effective against some strains of Perkinsus marinus, a major protozoal disease of oysters, however the efficiency was not uniform across all strains of the parasite [23]. Brugia malayi and B. pahangi, as well as Cryptosporidium, Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites, and Trypanosoma cruzi, have all been proven to be susceptible to this chemical [24–27]. MMV665941 has a structural similarity to gentian violet. In addition to being utilized as a mold inhibitor in feed components, gentian violet has been employed in human medicine for illnesses with a variety of bacteria [28]. In the United States, however, gentian violet is strictly prohibited for use in any food animal [29]. Interestingly, there have been few grounds given for the gentian violet prohibition, other than the FDA’s statement that the impact of drug residues on human health has not been sufficiently studied [29].
Deciphering the anti-filarial potential of bioactive compounds from Ocimum sanctum: a combined experimental and computational study
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Ayushi Mishra, Vipin Kumar, Anchal Singh
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major health concern of tropical and sub-tropical countries. The disease is caused by three nematode worms: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Presently 893 million people in 49 countries are living at the risk of LF (Cromwell et al. 2020). The World Health Organisation (WHO) sponsored the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) and recommends Triple Drug Therapy to block the transmission of Lymphatic Filariasis. The triple drug therapy comprises drugs ivermectin (IVM), diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole which have to be administered to the entire population living in endemic areas. These drugs are effective only on the larval stages and are completely ineffective on adult worms (Wadhawan et al. 2014). Several adverse effects are associated with anti-filarial drugs which include fever, headache, myalgia, fatigue, hypertension, vomiting, cough, seizures, vision problems, etc. (Behera and Bhatnagar 2018). Hence, there is an urgent need to find anti-filarial drugs with adulticidal activity and minimal side effects.
Lymphatic filariasis vaccine development: neglected for how long?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Vivek P Chavda, Anjali Pandya, Sreeranjini Pulakkat, Moinuddin Soniwala, Vandana Patravale
As per the World Health Organization (WHO), ‘Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease that causes the damage of the lymphatic system and can lead to lymphoedema (elephantiasis) and hydrocele (excess fluid inside the human scrotal sac) in infected individuals’ [1]. The filarial parasites that cause this infection are carried by mosquitoes. Invasion from parasitic nematodes (roundworms or helminths) of the family Filariodidea, such as Wuchereria bancrofti (W.bancrofti), Brugia malayi (B.malayi), or Brugia timori, causes the disease [2,3]. LF affects the lymphatic system and can cause abnormal growth of bodily parts, resulting in discomfort, physical disability, and social stigma. More than 198 million people were infected globally in 2000, approximately 130 million people in 2014, while the 2018 projection of approximately 51 million infected people indicates the progress made thus far toward the eradication of LF as a public health burden due to implementation of chemotherapy in 2000 [4]. LF continues to endanger 859 million people in 50 countries all over the world, necessitating preventative treatment to halt the spread of such a parasitic disease. The annual benchmark estimation of LF patients suggests 25 million males having hydrocele and over 15 million persons with lymphedema. At least 40 million individuals continue to suffer from these chronic illness symptoms [5]. Preventing LF could help to reduce possible suffering and stigma among the vulnerable underprivileged population.