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Vegetables
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
A previous paragraph introduced anemia in the form of thalassemia as defense against malaria. About forty species of Anopheles mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium parasites, with Plasmodium falciparum afflicting southern Italy.128 Warm temperatures aid mosquitoes’ development. Females lay eggs in water, preferring clean, still, small pools. Temporary bodies of water are best because they do not accumulate fish that eat eggs and larvae. These requirements favored mosquitoes and malaria from Rome south through the peninsula, especially as the region became marshier over time. Mosquitoes’ proliferation during summers and autumns weakened laborers for the harvest, retarding southern Italy’s economy and worsening food scarcity.129 The resulting undernutrition diminished vitality.
Communicable diseases
Published in Jan de Boer, Marcel Dubouloz, Handbook of Disaster Medicine, 2020
In addition, the theoretical technical effectiveness of control measures is often impaired. The reduction of mortality from Plasmodium falciparum malaria depends in part on the diagnosis and rapid treatment of cases. Yet how effectively can this be done in a migrating population for whom the quest for food, water, and safety takes priority?
Unexplained Fever In Patients Returning From The Tropics Including U.F. Associated With Hypereosinophilia
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Plasmodium falciparum causes a severe infection which could be lethal in nonimmune subjects, but without late relapses. P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae are exceptional causes of death but may relapse for 3 to 5 years (P. vivax, P. ovale) and even up to 25 years (P. malariae).
An ex vivo system for investigation of Plasmodium berghei invasion of the salivary gland of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Mai I. Hussien, Belal A. Soliman, Maha K. Tewfick, David A. O’Brochta
Genetic approaches to the control and elimination of vector borne diseases are of increasing interest as technical advances make their development and application increasingly feasible. For example, RNA-guided DNA endonucleases derived from bacterial antiviral systems such as Cas9 are the basis upon which powerful and effective gene drive systems are being constructed and introduced into malaria-transmitting mosquitoes [25]. One proposed application of these technologies is to ‘drive’ genes through standing populations of An. gambiae, for example, that interfere with the development and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum – effectively immunizing the mosquitoes against the parasites [26,27]. Current strategies involving the inclusion of mosquito-expressed single-chain antibodies to Plasmodium surface antigens and/or insect antimicrobial peptides that are directly toxic to the parasite have achieved moderate success [9,28,29].
Trachoma Rapid Assessments in Venezuela, an Example of the Integration of Data Gathering with Service Delivery in Hard-to-reach Populations
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Yuri Andrea López, Sandra Liliana Talero, Juan Pablo León Donado, Ángel Manuel Álvarez, Magda Magris, Tulia Hernández, Marisela Bermúdez, Neris Villalobos, Martha Idalí Saboyá-Díaz
A total of 1,635 children and adults were examined for other health-related problems than trachoma in the assessed communities in Autana and Atabapo. The most frequent health-related problems were intestinal parasites (diagnosis based on symptoms reported by each individual but not on a laboratory test), eye health problems (e.g., pterygium, cataracts, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and hordeolum), scabies, malaria, and dental problems (Table 2). Forty-six malaria cases were diagnosed (34.15% Plasmodium vivax, 63,41% Plasmodium falciparum, 2,44% mixed infections) out of 323 people tested, including children, who reported malaria-like symptoms in the past 3 to 5 days. The examination of people for other health-related problems in communities assessed in Alto Orinoco was not feasible due to time constraints and the priority given to the mass drug administration for onchocerciasis.
Pharmacotherapy for artemisinin-resistant malaria
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Erik Koehne, Ayola Akim Adegnika, Jana Held, Andrea Kreidenweiss
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and is the most important parasitic disease in terms of mortality and morbidity with the World Health Organization (WHO) reporting 229 million cases and 409,000 deaths worldwide in 2019 [1]. Plasmodium falciparum, the most life-threatening species of the human pathogenic malaria parasites, has become resistant to many antimalarial drugs. Resistant parasites often emerged for the first time in Southeast Asia including to chloroquine (1950s), sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (1960s), and mefloquine (1980s), which spread quickly in these regions and eventually appeared in sub-Saharan Africa [2]. Consequently, malaria-attributed mortality increased, especially in Africa, where approximately 90% of malaria deaths occur, predominantly in children under the age of five years [3]. The introduction of artemisinins in the early 1990s marked a turning point in the clinical management and control of malaria.