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A Pharmacological Appraisal of Antimalarial Plant Species
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Mahwahwatse J. Bapela, Precious B. Ramontja, Mcebisi J. Mabuza
Antimalarial drugs are used to prevent the infection caused by Plasmodium species, treat the disease, eliminate latent parasites and prevent the transmission of malaria. The major purpose of antimalarial treatment in severe malaria is to prevent death, whereas in uncomplicated malaria it is to cure and to avoid the development of severe disease (Conroy et al., 2019). While insecticides are aptly credited for much of the success in reducing the burden of malaria, treatment and prevention with drugs have always been the essential components of all successful malaria elimination programs. Similarly, while many diseases have been eradicated primarily through the use of vaccines, it is very unlikely that malaria could be eradicated with a vaccine alone without the integration of antivector methods and drugs (Molyneux, 2020; The malERA Group, 2017).
Specific Infections in Children
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Neal Russell, Sarah May Johnson, Andrew Chapman, Christian Harkensee, Sylvia Garry, Bhanu Williams
Malaria is a potentially life-threatening infection caused by the Plasmodium parasite, responsible for more than 600,000 deaths per year. Among those most vulnerable to the disease are children and pregnant women. Refugees are exposed to greater risk of malaria if moving into areas of higher endemicity, unstable transmission or humanitarian situations where there is disruption of malaria control efforts, infrastructure (e.g. water drainage) or treatment supply. Conversely, when refugees move from a region of high endemicity to one of low endemicity, malaria may be undiagnosed if a travel history is not considered, and malarial immunity declines, potentially leading to more severe disease when it does occur. Malaria risk is, therefore, highly context-specific and should be considered during population displacement.
Traditional Uses, Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Dysphania ambrosioides) L. Mosyakin & Clemants
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sabrina Baleixo da Silva, Jhonatas Rodrigues Barbosa, Luiza Helena da Silva Martins, Mahendra Rai, Alessandra Santos Lopes
Malaria is a parasitic disease, transmitted by more than 120 species of Plasmodium spp., spread over more than 91 tropical countries. Of the 120 species of Plasmodium, only 6 are recognized for infecting humans (Ashley et al. 2014). In recent years, the number of malaria cases has been varied, with epidemiological outbreaks in some places and setbacks in others, as shown in recent studies (Kim et al. 2019, Okunlola and Oyeyemi 2019, Eijk et al. 2019, Kibret et al. 2019, Kagaya et al. 2019).
Clinical characteristics of platelet-mediated killing circulating parasite of major human malaria
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Dewu Bi, Xiaodong Huang, Lü Lin, Xike Tang, Yuexi Lu, Zhenxu Lan, Shunda Luo, Jianyan Lin, Xiaocheng Luo
Human malaria fatality rate has been decreasing at a gradual rate over the last two decades, but it has surged again, exceedingly more over a million in 2020 [1]. Although prior studies suggested a potential pathogenesis in malaria is essentially regulated by host innate and adaptive immune responses [2–4] and parasite biomass [5–7], unfortunately, the clinical characteristics and physiological mechanisms involved in Plasmodium pathogenesis are still rarely investigated. Clinically, thrombocytopenia is a common observed symptom in patients infected with malaria [8–10]. Furthermore, an increasing number of studies have reported that parasite density, severity of Plasmodium infection and clinical consequences are related to the extent of thrombocytopenia [11]. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that platelets may play an important role in the pathogenesis of platelet-associated parasite killing in Plasmodium-infected patients.
Malaria vaccines
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Michael Quagliata, Anna Maria Papini, Paolo Rovero
Research efforts to prevent malaria are mainly focused on obtaining an efficient vaccine against P. falciparum. Although this is the most aggressive and deadly plasmodium, the disease can be transmitted by other species that are also dangerous and widespread. For example, P. vivax is the leading cause of malaria in Asia and Latin America [99]. In addition, P. vivax has the characteristic of producing dormant liver forms called hypnozoites that allow the parasite to relapse repeatedly over months or years and thwart efforts to control or eliminate this species. Therefore, the development of vaccines that can be also effective against other plasmodium species is important so that in the future we will have more specific compositions for different areas of the planet.
Use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria as live delivery vectors for human and animal health
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Romina Levit, Naima G. Cortes-Perez, Alejandra de Moreno de Leblanc, Jade Loiseau, Anne Aucouturier, Philippe Langella, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Luis G. Bermúdez-Humarán
Malaria is a disease caused by different species of the Plasmodium parasite and transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito.124 Different vaccines have been studied with the aim of producing specific antibodies against proteins expressed during the development of the parasite in the mosquito. In this sense, L lactis has been used to express the cysteine-rich Pfs48/45 protein, exposed on the surface of sexual stages of the parasite125,126 or the Circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP), a sporozoite surface protein essential for its development in the mosquito and cell invasion in the mammalian host.40 The results showed the induction of high levels of functional antibodies in rodents. The expression in L. lactis of the fusion protein Pfs230-Pfs48/45 was also studied and the final product elicited high levels of functional antibodies in mice.127