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Vectors and Reservoir Hosts
Published in Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana, Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, 2023
During this time, a study conducted in India revealed the presence of species complex within the S. bailyi (Yogeswari et al., 2016). Sri Lankan researchers further attempted examining the same possibility in the local setting. These attempts revealed for the first time morphological and genetic evidence for the presence of two cryptic species within the S. bailyi complex in Sri Lanka as well (Tharmatha et al., 2017).
Classification and Systematics
Published in Jacques Derek Charlwood, The Ecology of Malaria Vectors, 2019
Among the global vectors of human malaria, arguably the most important species belong to the Anopheles gambiae complex. The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes eight recognized sibling species: A. gambiae s.s., A. arabiensis, A. bwambae, A. melas, A. merus, A. quadriannulatus, A. amharicus, and most recently A. coluzzii.
Lassa Fever
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
J. H. S. Gear, Margaretha Isaäcson
Bellier, in 1975, drew attention to the fact that M. natalensis is a species-complex comprising several sibling species of differing genetic composition.26 He indicated that sibling species with diploid chromosome numbers of 32 and 38, respectively, are prevalent in West Africa, the former tending to be associated with human habitation and the latter quite far from villages, in savanna, forest, or in cultivated or abandoned plantations. In Sierra Leone both have been found to harbor Lassa virus, and in Zimbabwe and Mozambique Lassa-like arenaviruses have been isolated from M . natalensis with the diploid chromosome number of 36.
Anthraquinones from Aloe spp. inhibit Cryptococcus neoformans sensu stricto: effects against growing and mature biofilms
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco, Géssica dos Santos Araújo, Xhaulla Maria Quariguasi Cunha Fonseca, Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes, Maria Gleiciane da Rocha, Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante, Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro, José Júlio Costa Sidrim, Waldemiro Aquino Pereira-Neto, Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
Biofilms of Cryptococcus species are fungal communities immersed in an extracellular polymeric matrix adhered to biotic or abiotic surfaces, which are commonly associated with persistent infections (Walsh et al. 1986; Martinez and Casadevall 2015). The biofilms of the C. neoformans species complex are more tolerant to higher antifungal concentrations than planktonic cells, which has been associated with the presence of physical barriers that prevent the penetration of drugs into the biofilm and with the down-regulation of the biofilm metabolic activity (Martinez and Casadevall 2015). The C. neoformans species complex can form biofilms on medical devices as well as on biotic surfaces, forming structures known as cryptococcomas (Shah et al. 2015; Aslanyan et al. 2017).
A comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Bianca C. Carlos, Luisa D. P. Rona, George K. Christophides, Jayme A. Souza-Neto
The introduction of An. arabiensis in Northeastern Brazil by boats arriving from Africa in the 1930s is held responsible for some 14,000 deaths in 1938–1939. At the time, An. arabiensis was not recognized as a separate species; and all the species comprising the, what is now known, An. gambiae sensu lato species complex were collectively called An. gambiae [6]. With about 20% of the population being infected, a national campaign assisted by the Rockefeller Foundation began in 1938, and the African mosquito was eliminated in less than two years [3,7–10]. Nonetheless, malaria remained a major national issue with more than six million infections per year in the 1940s. Therefore, a new control campaign established the National Malaria Service and employed DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) and chloroquine for both mosquito and parasite control, respectively [7,11]. This effectively led to a consistent reduction in the total number of malaria cases in Brazil and almost total elimination of the disease in the extra-Amazonian region in the 1950s-60s [8,11].
Gastrointestinal carriage of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a general adult population: a cross-sectional study of risk factors and bacterial genomic diversity
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Niclas Raffelsberger, Marit Andrea Klokkhammer Hetland, Kristian Svendsen, Lars Småbrekke, Iren Høyland Löhr, Lotte Leonore Eivindsdatter Andreassen, Sylvain Brisse, Kathryn E. Holt, Arnfinn Sundsfjord, Ørjan Samuelsen, Kirsten Gravningen
In conclusion, our findings illustrate the association of non-antibiotic drugs and inflammatory bowel diseases with increased prevalence of Kp gastrointestinal carriage that warrants considerations with regard to risk stratification in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections and opens up for potential future gut microbiome modulation interventions. The highly diverse population structure of Kp colonizing humans illustrates the capacity for adaptive diversification of this species complex. This is challenging for vaccine prospects and complicates the identification of potential Kp cross-niche transmission, which will be important in detection of animal or environmental Kp reservoirs for clinically relevant human Kp carriage and infection from a One Health perspective.