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Immunology and Infectious Disease
Published in James M. Rippe, Manual of Lifestyle Medicine, 2021
A persistent increase in inflammatory markers is defined as chronic or systemic inflammation. Systemic inflammation has been linked to multiple disorders, including atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus (T2DM), sarcopenia, arthritis, osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dementia, depression, and various types of cancer (3,4).
Refractory Cancer Cachexia
Published in Victor R. Preedy, Handbook of Nutrition and Diet in Palliative Care, 2019
Potential: Patients suffering from certain cancer types are more prone to develop cancer cachexia, such as carcinomas from the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal and head and neck cancers are often associated with secondary nutritional impact symptoms due to disease or therapy. Different tumor dynamics or tumor burden (stable or progressive disease, stage, tumor kinetics, metastasis) have an impact on cachexia. During progressive disease the tumor burden is a driver of increased metabolism and catabolism. A key component of cancer cachexia is this (hyper-) catabolic drive caused by systemic inflammation. CRP proved to be a robust marker to measure systemic inflammation. Sweating and night sweats or fever are a clinical sign.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in older adults
Published in Wilbert S. Aronow, Jerome L. Fleg, Michael W. Rich, Tresch and Aronow’s Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly, 2019
Bharathi Upadhya, Dalane W. Kitzman
Aging changes along with multiple comorbidities, such as obesity, diabetes, and HTN in HFpEF may initiate and/or aggravate chronic systemic inflammation that may affect myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in HFpEF through a signaling cascade, which may begin with coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction (14,123). It subsequently involves myocardial infiltration by activated macrophages, which induce reactive interstitial fibrosis (124) and altered paracrine communication between endothelial cells and surrounding cardiomyocytes (123). This reduces myocardial nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and leads to reduced protein kinase G (PKG) activity in cardiomyocytes, which become stiff and hypertrophied (14). These alterations also promote microvascular dysfunction and rarefaction in cardiac (48) and skeletal muscle (107,125). In addition, chronic systemic inflammation affects other organs such as lungs and kidneys. This new paradigm led to a recent study which aims to determine whether the combination of systematic screening and optimal management of prespecified comorbidities associated with HFpEF improves outcomes (126).
Research progress and value of albumin-related inflammatory markers in the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer: a review of clinical evidence
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Chuan-long Zhang, Meng-qi Gao, Xiao-chen Jiang, Xue Pan, Xi-yuan Zhang, Yi Li, Qian Shen, Yan Chen, Bo Pang
With an in-depth understanding of the relationship between the molecular mechanism of lung cancer and the inflammatory microenvironment, we found that clinical monitoring of inflammatory markers in patients with NSCLC had important clinical value for prevention and developmental control [8]. There are various laboratory markers of systemic inflammation including C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil (NEU), lymphocyte (LYM), and so on. CRP plays an important role in host defence mechanisms and inflammatory responses to infectious agents, mainly produced by hepatocytes in response to stimulation by interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which in turn can reactivate leukocytes and platelets, creating a cycle of action [9]. However, one single inflammatory index has limitations in independently predicting survival in patients with NSCLC. Therefore, further studies on composite prognostic indicators are very necessary. Exploring more, newer, and better composite inflammatory markers will guide improving the prognosis of patients with NSCLC in the future.
Relationship between Non-Energy-Adjusted and Energy-Adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index and the Healthy Eating Index-2015: an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015–2018
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Janie C. DiNatale, Deniz Azarmanesh, James R. Hébert, Michael D. Wirth, Jessica Pearlman, Kristi M. Crowe-White
Diet is one of the strongest moderators of inflammation, and unhealthy dietary patterns, such as a traditional Western-style diet, are associated with higher systemic inflammation [1]. In contrast, healthy dietary patterns, such as a Mediterranean diet, are associated with lower systemic inflammation [2,3]. Importantly, systemic inflammation is associated with a higher risk of chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases among others [4–6]. Acknowledging these relationships, the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) was developed to categorize diet on a continuum from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory [7,8]. The DII was created based on research assessing diet against inflammatory biomarkers and is standardized against a world average dietary intake [7]. For interpretation, higher DII scores represent a more pro-inflammatory diet, whereas lower DII scores represent a more anti-inflammatory diet. While DII scores do not account for energy intake in the calculation, the Energy-Adjusted DII (E-DIITM) was created to account for differences in total caloric intake. E-DII scores are based on an intake per 1000 kilocalories consumed. In most studies, the E-DII has been shown to improve the prediction of the inflammatory potential of the diet as compared to non-energy adjusted DII scores [8]. Similar to the DII, higher E-DII scores represent a more pro-inflammatory diet, whereas lower E-DII scores represent a more anti-inflammatory diet.
Markers of a plant-based diet relate to memory and executive function in older adults
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Michelle M. Ramey, Grant S. Shields, Andrew P. Yonelinas
It has been suggested that the effects of diet on both physical and cognitive health may be mediated in part by changes in inflammation [45–48]. To indirectly examine this possibility, we carried out a secondary analysis to investigate whether a plant-based dietary pattern was associated with a lower level of baseline inflammation. The waves of NHANES that contained cognitive data (2011–2014) did not include measures of inflammation; therefore, only data from the 2007–2010 waves (which do not have cognitive measures) were used to examine the relation between plant-based scores and inflammation. The outcome of interest was levels of C-reactive protein (CRP)—an acute phase protein synthesized by the liver in response to multiple inflammatory factors, making it an excellent indicator of overall inflammation [49]—which was log transformed to reduce skewness. The CRP data was collected during the same assessment session as the first dietary interview. The loadings acquired from the principal component analysis, as described above, were used to create plant-based scores for the inflammation dataset. A linear model regressing plant-based scores on CRP with covariates of BMI, age, sex, and education showed that a higher plant-based score was associated with significantly lower levels of CRP, β= −.03, p<.001. Thus, greater adherence to a dietary pattern consistent with a plant-based diet was related to lower levels of systemic inflammation in these data.