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The Scientific Basis of Medicine
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Chris O'Callaghan, Rachel Allen
Key cells of the innate immune system include phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, which destroy exogenous particles by phagocytosis and can process ingested proteins for presentation to T cells. Through this process, dendritic cells are able to prime naive T cells. Recognition of microbial components or damage-associated molecular patterns by innate immune receptors on phagocytes can elicit the production of cytokines, which in turn trigger inflammation and inform the responses of other immune cells.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Published in Jason Liebowitz, Philip Seo, David Hellmann, Michael Zeide, Clinical Innovation in Rheumatology, 2023
Vaneet K. Sandhu, Neha V. Chiruvolu, Daniel J. Wallace
Cutaneous LE (CLE) was thought to be caused by a primary trigger, such as UV light, causing the apoptosis of keratinocytes, allowing these dead cells to be presented by antigen-presenting cells and recognized by autoantibodies circulating in the blood. However, this failed to explain how antibody-negative individuals still developed cutaneous lupus manifestations. The role of autoreactive cytotoxic T cells in causing epidermal destruction and cell death, releasing nuclear antigens, is now better understood. There is also evidence that keratinocytes produce type I and type III IFNs and other cytokines and chemokines that are regulated by IFNs, thus perpetuating their own death cycle. The innate immune system can be activated by immune complexes.45
Dermal filler complications and management
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defence to external pathogens. This is an imprecise process and cannot identify specific pathogens for targeted destruction. Components of the innate immune system include chemical and physical barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes as well as internal defences, such as antimicrobial substances; cells, such as natural killer cells and phagocytes; and the inflammatory response composed of both inflammation and pyrexia.
Developments in pharmacotherapeutic agents for hepatitis B – how close are we to a functional cure?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Naoshin Khan, Mohamed Ramzi Almajed, Mary Grace Fitzmaurice, Syed-Mohammed Jafri
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) serve as members of the innate immune system in rapidly detecting pathogens to host an appropriate response. Specific PRRs include toll-like receptors that are seen in innate immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. They are also expressed in nonimmune cells such as fibroblasts and epithelial cells [59]. Common TLR agonists target TLR-7 and TLR-8. TLR-7 induces specific IFNs that have known antiviral activity through destabilization of HBV capsids and/or decreasing HBV transcription [61]. These receptors are primarily seen in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells. TLR-8 results in the production of IL-12 and IL-18, which has been shown to reestablish HBV-specific T-cell functionality [62]. Retinoic-acid – inducible gene I (RIG-I) agonists are also PRRs that lead to induction of type III IFN in the liver [63].
Refractory systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis: current challenges and future perspectives
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
William G. Ambler, Kabita Nanda, Karen Brandt Onel, Susan Shenoi
Understanding the immunologic mechanisms of SJIA has been and will continue to be critical to the development of effective treatments. The innate immune system is heavily implicated in disease pathophysiology. Myeloid cells are increased in number and activation status in the peripheral blood of SJIA [18,19]. Similarly, innate cytokines and alarmins are elevated in patients’ sera [20]. Pascual et al. demonstrated that SJIA sera can increase monocyte transcription of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β [21]. Activated monocytes from patients with SJIA release significantly more IL-1β than controls. These findings led to the successful treatment of many SJIA patients with anakinra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist. Subsequently, IL-1 blockade with canakinumab has been further studied and has gained United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approval for the treatment of SJIA. Approximately 60% of patients can achieve remission on IL-1 antagonism as first line therapy [13,22]. IL-6 has also been implicated in SJIA, with increased IL-6 and IL-10 gene expression in SJIA monocytes and B cells compared to controls [23]. IL-6 blockade has similarly been effective, and tocilizumab is US FDA approved for SJIA treatment.
Destiny of airway disease: interplay between epithelial barrier and the innate immune system
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2022
Innate immune system; It consists of important elements such as epithelial barriers (skin, mucosa and secretions), complements, phagocytes (neutrophils, mononuclear cells), natural killer (NK) cells, and sub-components such as Toll-like Receptor (TLR). Epithelial cells act as a barrier, providing the first line of host defense, trapping and killing potential pathogens, and activating innate immune system cells. The physical barrier against the external environment is provided by the junctional complex, which is formed by tight junctions and adherens junctions underneath. An additional layer of defense is provided by the mucociliary apparatus. Mucins act in concert with antimicrobial peptides and the ciliary apparatus to trap and clear pathogens. In addition to its barrier role, the homeostatic mucin MUC5B indicates the role of mucins in regulating innate immune system responses by regulating alveolar macrophage function.4