China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Targeted Therapy for Cancer Stem Cells
Published in Surinder K. Batra, Moorthy P. Ponnusamy, Gene Regulation and Therapeutics for Cancer, 2021
Rama Krishna Nimmakayala, Saswati Karmakar, Garima Kaushik, Sanchita Rauth, Srikanth Barkeer, Saravanakumar Marimuthu, Moorthy P. Ponnusamy
Dendritic cells (DCs), which are antigen-presenting cells, can be used to initiate anti-tumor T cell response, and hence can be utilized for the production of cancer vaccines. Human immature DCs can be co-cultured with irradiated cancer cells or CSCs to generate CSCs primed mature DCs that express high levels of CD80, CD86, and CD40 and stimulate high Th1 response. Present evidence suggests that CSCs are antigenic and can be used to generate vaccines against CSCs [39].
Immunomodulatory Therapies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
The majority of the current clinical trials underway involve dendritic cell vaccines. The enthusiasm for vaccines of this type is based on the relative success of Sipuleucel-T (ProvengeTM), which is composed of antigen-loaded dendritic and T cells, and was the first cell-based therapy to be approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced metastatic prostate cancer (see Section 9.3). Therefore, dendritic cells may become a popular choice for cellular therapy in the future, especially given their extensive role in the host immune response.
Immune system and Innate Immunity
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Immature dendritic cells are highly phagocytic and express low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that capture and process pathogens into antigenic fragments. When dendritic cells are exposed to pathogens, toll-like receptors are activated and stimulate maturation of the dendritic cells. When mature, dendritic cells express abundant MHC and become antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
Immunosafety evaluation in Juvenile Göttingen Minipigs
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2022
Linda Allais, Alicia Perbet, Fabienne Condevaux, Jean-Paul Briffaux, Marc Pallardy
Dendritic cells (DC) originate mostly from the bone marrow; a very small proportion is present in blood and a larger proportion is found in various lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. DC exist as different sub-populations with a phenotypic heterogeneity depending on maturation status, localization in an organism, and their main functions. Conventional DC, plasmacytoid DC, and inflammatory DC are the most common forms studied in human and animal hosts, including the pig (Summerfield and McCullough 2009; Marquet et al. 2011; Meurens et al. 2012; Mair et al. 2014; Niederwerder 2017; Franzoni et al. 2019). The conventional DC are divided into two subsets, i.e. cDC1 (porcine phenotype MHCII+CD172alowCADM1+/high) and cDC2 (porcine phenotype MHCII+ CD172ahighCD163intCADM1+/low).
Immunopathology of COVID-19 and its implications in the development of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: a major review
Published in Orbit, 2022
Tarjani Vivek Dave, Akshay Gopinathan Nair, Joveeta Joseph, Suzanne K Freitag
Platelets are one of the key cells in the innate immune response. While their primary role is in hemostasis, another important role is in the immune response against pathogens, by inhibiting their dissemination through the circulation, which could increase the severity of infection.46 Platelets help in fighting microbes by producing antimicrobial peptides such as platelet factor 4.47 Typical hematologic features of COVID-19 include thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and neutrophilia.48 NK cells modulate the immune response that is mounted when a pathogen is encountered. There is a reduction in the number of NK cells and blunting of the effector functions of NK cells in COVID-19.46 This results in a decrease in the clearance of infected and activated cells and also results in an unabated elevation of toxic inflammatory markers.46 Previous literature has clearly shown that SARS-CoV can cause infection of the dendritic cells (DC). This can lead to an upregulation of inflammatory chemokines following a very poor antiviral cytokine expression.49,50 Dendritic cells play a prime role in specific T-cell responses, cytokine production, and antigen presentation.49 In patients with COVID-19, a loss of DC function could lead to delayed response of the immune system.
Diurnal Variation of Corneal Dendritic Cell Density
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Sultan Alotaibi, Jerome Ozkan, Eric Papas, Maria Markoulli
In tissue, dendritic cells can be found in both the immature and mature forms, although there is debate surrounding the precise characteristics of each. Immature dendritic cells have been described as having small, circular cell bodies, while mature cells are defined as being larger with rough surfaces, from which several arm-like processes protrude.8 Both types, although more so for mature cells, have the ability to express co-stimulatory cytokines and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules class II.1,8 Co-stimulatory cytokines help to recruit other immune cells, while the MHC molecules are peptide-binding proteins, which bind antigen fragments.1 Upon antigen encounter and within a frame of 20 hours,9,10 immature dendritic cells become activated and progress to maturity, which involves greater cytokine and MHC molecule expression on their surfaces, enlarged shape and the development of long processes.1,8 Immature dendritic cells are more effective at sampling and processing antigens, while mature cells can circulate rapidly to the lymph nodes and are a potent stimulator of T cells.1,8