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The Blood Vessel, Brain, and Immune System Connections
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
Local brain inflammation or reductions in blood or oxygen supply may mediate vascular inflammation and vice versa. For example, oxidative stress in the brain increases nerve firing. Inflammation in the body will send nerve signals to the brain by the afferent nerves to attempt to control this inflammation. All of these messages are very fast and instantaneous. On the other hand, the nerve transmissions of Ach through a nerve that goes from the brain, called the vagal nerve, will block inflammation and decrease many inflammation cells called proinflammatory cytokines (Figure 14.2). There are inflammatory substances in the body that stimulate the cell to make the proinflammatory cytokines. These are named in Figure 14.2. As was discussed earlier in Chapters 5 and 6, these substances stimulate inflammation receptors on the arteries that allow the cell to make these cytokines.
Do Exercise and Yoga Improve the Quality of Life?
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
There has been a considerable rise in the number of research studies on physical activity (including yoga and exercise) and its effects on the human immune system. The accessible proof demonstrates that physical exercise has considerable regulatory effects on the activities of immune cells and probably on functions of the immune system. These effects are controlled by a variety of factors, including the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines persuaded by exercise, hemodynamic outcomes and long-established stress hormones. They are giving rise to redistribution of cells while yoga is frequently utilised as a management strategy for stress in diverse populations. Sun salutation or suryanamaskar does not need any gadgets or equipment, a limited place is adequate to execute these asanas and merely a small amount of time is required to execute some cycle numbers. In general, yoga, walking, resistance training, aerobic exercises and all other forms of mild to moderate physical activities which improve the composition, endurance, muscle strength, hormones and mental activity of the human body are supposed to be the indispensable constituent of a fitness process.
Immunomodulating Agents in Gastrointestinal Disease
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Samir A. Shah, Athos Bousvaros, A. Christopher Stevens
Cytokine-based therapies have rapidly evolved from the discovery of a group of low-molecular-weight glycoproteins that have potent immune modulating properties [208]. Proinflammatory cytokines enhance immune responses; other cytokines suppress immune-mediated events. Therefore, a number of antiinflammatory strategies take advantage of the biological properties of individual cytokines. These include providing naturally occurring antagonists, anticytokine antibodies, or soluble cytokine receptors that bind and render inactive soluble cytokines and providing immunosuppressive cytokines as recombinant proteins.
Probiotics for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in infants from different geographic regions: a systematic review and Meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Lifeng Chen, Yongshan Ni, Xingdong Wu, Guixia Chen
Some studies have shown that probiotic intake during pregnancy and early infancy can be a major measure for the prevention of AD (11,38). This preventive effect may be mediated by early colonization of beneficial bacteria such as LGG. It is known that the early gut microbiota is important for forming the immune system and establishing The cell balance (39). Probiotics can reduce the severity of AD by inhibiting T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-mediated responses and increasing the Th1/Th2 ratio (40); by inhibiting Th2 cell responses, cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13 are no longer released (41), INF-γ is reduced (cytokines released by Th1 cells), phagocytosis is promoted, and serum IgA is increased. Probiotics can also stimulate the secretion of IL-10 and transformation of growth factor-β (TGF-β) (42). Probiotics can reduce proinflammatory cytokines, IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), INF-γ, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (43) by increasing the expression of IL-10 and Treg-related cytokines. To demonstrate the effectiveness of probiotics, a new mechanism that inhibits the differentiation of mature dendritic cells and converts naive T cells into Th2 was proposed (44). Immunoregulation reduces the susceptibility of inflammatory and allergic factors to regulate the skin axis of the gut. Probiotics also regulate brain function, including stress response of gut axis (45).
Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) presents anti-neuroinflammatory capacity in LPS-activated microglia cells
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Diulie Valente de Souza, Lauren Pappis, Thuany Teixeira Bandeira, Gabriela Geraldo Sangoi, Tuyla Fontana, Vitor Braga Rissi, Michele Rorato Sagrillo, Marta Maria Duarte, Thiago Duarte, David Frederick Bodenstein, Ana Cristina Andreazza, Ivana Beatrice Mânica da Cruz, Euler Esteves Ribeiro, Alfredo Antoniazzi, Aline Ferreira Ourique, Alencar Kolinski Machado
Following exposure and treatments of cells, inflammatory cytokines, and caspase protein expression levels were measured. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are important in the regulation of inflammation, tissue repair, and microorganism elimination. Previously, neuropsychiatric diseases, such as BD, SCZ, and MD, have been shown to be related to chronic inflammatory activation, primarily through pro-inflammatory cytokines. [17,48–50] We found that treatment with 1 μg/mL per se of açaí did not modify pro-inflammatory cytokines levels compared to negative control. However, as expected LPS exposure induced a significant increase in IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Similar findings have already been demonstrated [51–53]. Furthermore, IL-10 expression was reduced following LPS-activation. We found that treatment of LPS-activated microglia cells with 1 μg/mL of açaí extract reduced levels of all pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, açaí extract was not capable of increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine levels compared to LPS treated cells. Additionally, similar results were found when measuring caspase protein expression. In açaí treated cells, caspase levels remained similar to untreated cells, while in LPS-activated cells, caspase expression was increased. However, similar to pro-inflammatory cytokines, açaí treatment was capable of reversing caspase expression in LPS-activated cells.
Can sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor reduce the risk of adverse complications due to COVID-19? – Targeting hyperinflammation
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Afnan Alshnbari, Iskandar Idris
Systemic inflammation although forms part of the hosts’ innate and adaptive immune response to control and resolve the COVID-19 infection, plays an important role in the adverse outcomes associated with COVID infections via the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of CD4 and CD8+ T cells, the immune system is mobilized to promote inflammation and clean the infected cells, control in vivo viral replication, and limit the spread of the virus. However, excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines has been associated with the overall severity of patients’ disease and progresses. Excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines is termed a “cytokine storm” and, in COVID-19, has been associated with clinical endpoints of acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan dysfunction. The cytokine storm observed in some COVID-19 patients may contribute to and influence the observed CV outcomes. Specifically, systemic inflammation can promote hypotension, left ventricular dysfunction, tachycardia, and destabilization of vascular plaques. In addition, systemic inflammation also stimulates human macrophages with oxidized LDLs (oxLDLs), leading to an increased IL-6 release, which is atherogenic4,7. As such, preventing excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines and/or protecting vital organs, mainly those central to the cardiovascular system, appears to be crucial in reducing COVID-19 severity, morbidity, and mortality.