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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
Numerous studies have demonstrated that in addition to the bacteria in the biofilm, periodontal disease severity in adults is intricately linked with increases in local inflammatory mediators due to genetic mutations of genes regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines. One commonly recognized inflammatory cytokine is interleukin-1. A mutation of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene can cause overexpression of IL-1 making it a key player in the inflammatory process and a prime candidate for a genetic association with periodontal disease.88–90 Thirty percent of the population can be identified with IL-1 polymorphisms.91,92 The presence of the IL-1 genotype does not confer an expected periodontal disease diagnosis. However, this gene mutation has been implicated as a contributory factor to the host’s immunoinflammatory response contributing to the severity of adult periodontitis.93 The IL-1 gene has also been connected to atherothrombosis.94
Myocarditis
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
IL (interleukin)-1 is a pivotal proinflammatory cytokine amplifying the innate immune response. Upstream of IL-1 is the inflammasome, a cytosolic molecular structure composed of an adaptor protein, procaspase-1, and a sensor molecule. The best-characterized inflammasome has a sensor molecule called NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain containing-3). Biological treatments that block the IL-1 pathway, including the IL-Ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist) anakinra, the fully human IgG1 anti–IL-1β monoclonal antibody, canakinumab, and colchicine are potential candidates to treat myocarditis.
Drug Repurposing and Novel Antiviral Drugs for COVID-19 Management
Published in Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Lundstrom, COVID-19, 2022
Shailendra Dwivedi, Aakanksha Rawat, Amit Ranjan, Ruchika Agrawal, Radhieka Misra, Sunil Kumar Gupta, Surekha Kishore, Sanjeev Misra
COVID-19–associated systemic inflammation and hypoxic respiratory failure can be associated with heightened cytokine release, as indicated by elevated blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, and ferritin. It is hypothesized that modulating the levels of IL-6 or its effects may alter the course of disease. Several studies have indicated a “cytokine storm” with release of IL-6, IL-1, IL-12, and IL-18, along with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and other inflammatory mediators in COVID-19 patients as the main pathogenetic factor resulting in severe damage to lung tissues. The increased pulmonary inflammatory response may result in increased alveolar-capillary gas exchange, making oxygenation difficult in patients with severe illness. Interleukin inhibitors may ameliorate this damage caused by cytokine release. There are two classes of FDA-approved IL-6 inhibitors: anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies (e.g., sarilumab, tocilizumab) and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies (siltuximab). Currently, the NIH panel guidelines have recommended against the use of anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies or anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of COVID-19, except in a clinical trial [17].
Advancements in the pharmacological management of sepsis in the elderly
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Christos Psarrakis, Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine produced by a variety of cells, most notably activated macrophages, and mediates the inflammatory response. It is hypothesized that increased levels of IL-6 may assist early diagnosis of sepsis. However, a recent review of 21 studies found limited sensitivity of 66% and specificity of 74% for early sepsis diagnosis. Most studies included in this review had considerable heterogeneity [13]. Main reasons of heterogeneity were the lack of specific cutoffs of diagnosis, the large age variability since seven studies included only patients aged less than 65 years, and the lack of information on the origin of infection. In contrast, another single-center prospective controlled study with 51 septic patients, 46 patients with septic shock and 45 control patients (mean age 75 years) reported that the diagnostic performance of IL-6 was better than any other measured biomarker. At a cutoff value of 52.60 pg/ml, IL-6 could discriminate sepsis patients from controls with 80.4% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity [Area under the curve (AUC): 0.83–0.94, P < 0.001]. At the cutoff of 348.92 pg/ml IL-6 could discriminate patients with septic shock from patients without shock with 76.1% sensitivity and 78.4% specificity [Area under the curve (AUC): 0.71–0.89, P < 0.001]. The diagnostic performance of IL-6 was reported to be better than PCT (AUC: 0.73–0.87, p < 0.001 for sepsis and AUC:0.63–0.83, p < 0.001 for septic shock) [14].
Nutritional Status of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients and Post-transplant Outcomes
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Stephanie Szovati, Caroline F. Morrison, Sarah C. Couch
Interleukin-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses inflammatory processes in mature immune cells (32). Higher spontaneous interleukin-10 production in transplant patients is associated with fewer transplant related complications (33,34). Holler et al. found that patients with increased interleukin-10 at the time of admission had uneventful transplant courses and suggested a protective role of interleukin-10 (35). In the current study there was a trend for higher interleukin-10 levels post-transplant compared to pre-transplant, which suggests that on average, participants were moving into the phase of inflammation resolution and recovery. Additionally, the association between greater dietary quality of participants pre-transplant and higher IL-10 suggests the importance of optimizing patients’ nutritional status before transplant to promote synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, that aid in recovery.
Examining the correlation between salivary cytokine concentrations and CRP in people experiencing social-cognitive stress
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Eric Chun Pu Chu, Anastasiya Spaska, Dimitar Monov, Mikhail Kasatkin, Natalia Stroiteleva
Interleukins are a group of cytokines produced by leucocytes, macrophages, and other tissue cells. Interleukins are part of the immune system. Increase in cytokines in the human body indicates the development of an inflammatory process or a certain infection. Considering the fact that cytokines are not specific, their content alone cannot be used to make a diagnosis. Medical history, physical examinations, and other tests are also required [19]. Recently, it was found that pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β и TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) play an important role in modulating pain threshold, and they may contribute to the sensitization of trigeminal nerve fibers [20,21]. However, no studies have investigated a possible correlation between CGRP and cytokine levels during headache attacks.