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Tumor Necrosis Factor
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Although TNF-α and TNF-β are probably produced by different populations of cells in response to different stimuli in vivo, the term TNF will be used in this review to refer to either the a or β form unless otherwise specified. Much of the experimental work performed to date with recombinant TNFs has been performed with TNF-α, which has often been reported to be more potent than TNF-β. Several excellent general reviews on the subject of TNF are available (Grunfeld and Palladino, 1990; Old, 1985; Beutler, 1990; Tracey et al., 1989; Kunkel et al., 1990). Although much of the historical and present-day work on TNF is related to TNFs in vitro and in vivo tumoricidal activity and antineoplastic therapeutic potential, the present review will focus on TNF’s role as an endogenous mediator of inflammation.
Chlorophytum borivilianum (Musli) and Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Rajib Hossain, Dipta Dey, Partha Biswas, Priyanka Paul, Shahlaa Zernaz Ahmed, Arysha Alif Khan, Tanzila Ismail Ema, Muhammad Torequl Islam
Black cohosh is used to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, rheumatism, menstrual irregularities, and menopause. Additionally, C. racemosa and its constituents act as anti-inflammatory agents (Cheng et al., 2007). For this study, a bioactivity-guided fractionation analysis involves partitioning extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to purify the specific compound that can inhibit TNF-α production (Montesano et al., 2005). TNF-α exemplifies the development of chronic diseases, such as tumorigenesis and rheumatoid arthritis. The uncontrollable levels of TNF-α production participated in different stages of tumorigenesis, including the instigation of tumor growth, cell proliferation, and invasion (Komatsu et al., 2001). For cell expansion, TNF-α activates specific growth factors to regulate the development of malignant tumors. The cytokine promotes angiogenesis, thus playing a vital role in tumor metastasis (Lee et al., 2005). Triterpene glycosides are the major components of black cohosh extract. Experiments concluded that phenolic acids, such as ferulic and isoferulic acids, have an anti-inflammatory property where the production of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 is dysregulated (Li et al., 2005).
Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Varsha Rana, Dey Parama, Sosmitha Girisa, Choudhary Harsha, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
Neuroinflammation mediates neurodegeneration by inducing the release of excessive ROS and RNS, thereby causing oxidative stress and further inflammation. TNF, an inflammatory cytokine and one of the vital players of the inflammatory response, further enhances inflammation by activating the immune cells. The local production of TNF in the CNS induces the apoptosis of oligodendrocyte and demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model (Taupin et al., 1997; Kunnumakkara et al., 2018). The binding of TNF to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) also induces oxidative stress by activating specific ROS and RNS-producing enzymes (Fischer and Maier, 2015; Kunnumakkara et al., 2019). Additionally, overproduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines induces neuronal damage and death (Chitnis and Weiner, 2017).
Dissolving microneedle patch-assisted transdermal delivery of methotrexate improve the therapeutic efficacy of rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Weiman Zhao, Lijie Zheng, Jianhui Yang, Zihui Ma, Xinyi Tao, Qingqing Wang
The level of cytokines was one of the important factors leading to synovial inflammation and osteodestruction of articular cartilage. The pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by immune cells, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, recruited a large number of neutrophils, influenced the differentiation of T cells and stimulated the abnormal activation and proliferation of the fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLS) and thus enhanced the inflammatory response, resulting in the damage of synovial tissue. Therefore, the serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines determined by ELISA kit was often used to evaluate the efficacy of RA treatment. TNF-α and IL-1β are frequently used to evaluate RA treatment. IL-1β is a vital cytokine that promotes inflammation, regulates chondrocyte apoptosis and accelerates joint destruction via increasing osteoclast absorption (Rzepecka et al., 2015). Likewise, TNF-α plays an important role in immunomodulation, systemic, and local inflammation (Solomon et al., 2013).
Gut-brain communication in COVID-19: molecular mechanisms, mediators, biomarkers, and therapeutics
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Tameena Wais, Mehde Hasan, Vikrant Rai, Devendra K. Agrawal
Further, cytokine storm plays a critical role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and targeting TNF-α might be a potential strategy to treat COVID-19. The paucity of available literature on targeting TNF-α suggest the significance of investigating TNF-α as a therapeutic target. It will be of interest to investigate whether targeting TNF-α receptors or soluble TNF-α will be of higher therapeutic potential. Similarly, investigating IFN-γ as a potential target should be considered. Targeting IL-6 in COVID-19 is under research but targeting oncostatin M (OSM) has not been investigated. Targeting OSM, a pleiotropic, interleukin-6 family inflammatory cytokine, will be of importance because increased levels of OSM has been reported in COVID-19 patients. Further, immune cells secreting inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and targeting immune cell response may be another therapeutic strategy. Few reports suggest that CAR-T cell therapy associate with poor outcome, but CAR-NK cell therapy is beneficial in effectively treating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in-vitro and thus should be deeply investigated. Attenuated immunity is a risk factor for COVID-19 infection, boosting immunity and strategies to improve immunity will be of significance. Additionally, a panel of biomarkers including cytokine levels in at risk patients might be of importance to evaluate the gut immunity in at risk patients because poor gut immunity will increase the risk of fecal-oral transmission.
Associations of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Gene Polymorphisms and Ankylosing Spondylitis Susceptibility: A Meta-analysis Based on 35 Case-control Studies
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Shutao Gao, Weidong Liang, Tao Xu, Chuanhui Xun, Rui Cao, Qiang Deng, Jian Zhang, Weibin Sheng
The hallmark of AS is the formation of new bone, which leads to ankylosis. Literature has reported that TNF-α could promote osteoblastogenesis and give rise to pathological bone formation in AS patients (Hess et al. 2009; Lu et al. 2012). The immunohistological examination of biopsy samples indicated that TNF-α was abundant in the sacroiliac joints of AS patients (Francois et al. 2006). From the studies already described, it is clear that TNF-α play critical roles in the pathogenesis of AS. In reality, TNF-α has become an active target for drug development. The development of anti-TNF-α agents has significantly improved the management and therapy of AS. Considerable clinical trials have shown TNF-α inhibitors to be markedly effective in ameliorating disease activity and alleviating symptoms of AS patients (Lata et al. 2019).