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Obesity
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
White adipose tissue produces proteins with endocrine function called adipokines. A state of relative hypoxia occurs in the adipocytes in obesity, which sets a chronic inflammatory response, causing the release of adipokines. Leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin are the most studied adipokines [69]. The name leptin is derived from the Greek, which means the “thinning factor.” Leptin is a neuroendocrine hormone that acts as a satiety factor, inducing a reduction in food intake and an increase in energy utilization [70]. Leptin is produced by the adipocytes, placenta, and fetal adipose tissue. Endometrium and ovarian follicles also have leptin receptors. Adiponectin is an endogenous insulin sensitizer that is present in lower circulating concentrations in obesity [70].
Biochemical Parameters and Childhood Obesity
Published in Anil Gupta, Biochemical Parameters and the Nutritional Status of Children, 2020
Obesity is associated with the inflammatory process owing to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines called adipokines (the proteins for cell signaling secreted by adipose tissues) (Conde et al. 2011). There is upregulation of adipokines during obesity. The elevated secretion in turn stimulates the synthesis and secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6. Moreover, the increased level of interleukin-6 has been linked to activation of hepatocytes and initiation of synthesis of a low-grade inflammation marker in the body called C-reactive protein (Panesar et al. 1999).
Fat Distribution and Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Danae A. Delivanis, Michael D. Jensen
It is also possible that there are regional differences in adipocyte biology as it relates to secretion of adipokines that regulate multiple biological processes. Adipokines are secreted mainly by adipocytes and other inflammatory cells located in the adipose tissue.39 Adipocytes located in the various fat depots respond differently to increased glycemic load, with an overexpression of cytokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, and angiotensinogen.134 Chronic, low-grade inflammation induced by these adipokines may alter glucose and lipid metabolism and contribute to insulin resistance.123,135
Hyperglycaemia and the risk of post-surgical adhesion
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Gordon A. Ferns, Seyed Mahdi Hassanian, Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
Metabolic syndrome is a complex of disorders such as hypertension, hyperglycaemia and diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemias (Alberti et al.2009). Previously, we have shown the relationship between visceral adiposity with inflammation and risk of post-surgical adhesion (Arjmand 2020). Adipose tissue is a possible connector in inflammatory state in patients with metabolic syndrome. Adipokines produced in adipose tissues, induces chronic inflammation (Karamanos et al.2016). Diabetes and high blood glucose is one of other common disorder in metabolic syndrome which can increase inflammation, oxidative stress, and the expression of profibrotic molecules as described in previous sections. Linking of metabolic syndrome with basic biological mechanism of adhesion formation has been demonstrated in some studies. For example, there is a positive correlation between metabolic syndromes with hypercoagulability (Ramos-Levi et al.2013), or the relation between type 2 diabetes and obesity in inducing inflammatory conditions in metabolic syndrome. Attempt to lose weight for reducing adipose tissue and balance blood sugar is recommended prior elective surgeries.
Adipokine gene expression in adipocytes isolated from different fat depots of coronary artery disease patients
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Maxim Yu. Sinitsky, Yulia A. Dyleva, Evgenya G. Uchasova, Ekaterina V. Belik, Arseniy E. Yuzhalin, Olga V. Gruzdeva, Vera G. Matveeva, Anastasia V. Ponasenko
Traditionally, AT has been considered as a fat depot and source of energy but this paradigm has changed upon the establishment of AT role in pathogenesis of various conditions including CVD. Despite human adipokinome includes multiple molecules, the majority of them remain insufficiently studied. Most reports assess serum concentration of adipokines and correlate it with patient clinical characteristics, thus, the functional role of these molecules remains completely unstudied. This is partially due to a relative difficulty of isolation and processing of the AT which contains not only adipocytes but also preadipocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and various immune cells all of which being able to affect the results. The best way to avoid such problems and get more accurate results is to study the isolated adipocytes (Fried and Moustaid-Moussa 2001), so we chose such a strategy in this article.
Bariatric surgery improves clinical outcomes and adiposity biomarkers but not inflammatory cytokines SAA and MCP-1 after a six-month follow-up
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2021
Letícia de Oliveira Souza Bratti, Ícaro Andrade Rodrigues do Carmo, Taís Ferreira Vilela, Liliete Canes Souza, Ana Carolina Rabello de Moraes, Fabíola Branco Filippin-Monteiro
Since the discovery of leptin and the knowledge of its release by adipocytes [9,10], adipose tissue has been described as an active endocrine organ, with production and secretion of hormones, not only as a lipid deposit, as seen previously. For this reason, the adipose tissue should not be considered in isolation [11]. Adipokines can peripherally influence glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, lipid profile and body weight [12–14]. Leptin, however, acts centrally on anorexigenic hypothalamic neurons, promoting satiety and regulating energy balance. Individuals with obesity display high serum levels of this adipokine since it positively correlates with body fat mass. Despite its effects on food intake and energy expenditure, leptin may also play an essential role in the glucose homeostasis, being able to modulate the pancreatic β-cell function and insulin sensitivity [15–18]. Adiponectin, on the contrary, is an anti-inflammatory cytokine inversely related to body weight and it is associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity and modulate the inflammatory response of endothelium, preventing coronary artery disease [19–22].