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Fasting
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Intermittent fasting and calorie restriction may escalate adiponectin levels in both animals and humans (Mazaki-Tovi et al., 2005; Wan et al., 2010). Adiponectin (the distinct adipocyte protein) is inversely associated with insulin resistance, body weight and adiposity (Okamoto et al., 2008). Adiponectin decreases the dysfunction of pancreatic β cells and inhibits insulin levels, moreover harmonising the activity of insulin (Cui et al., 2011; Retnakaran et al., 2005). Usually, patients with diabetes have decreased adiponectin levels (Bik et al., 2006). In contrast, enduring and healthy individuals have escalated levels of adiponectin, such as the dwarf Ames mouse which has three times more adiponectin than the control mouse (Golbidi et al., 2017). It is contemplated that the tendency of adiponectin to modify metabolism from burning glucose to burning fat decreases oxidative stress while alteration in the diet of four rodent strains strongly proposes that the quantity of calories is the principal determinant for secretion of adiponectin instead of fat content. Adiponectin also moderates the benefits of intermittent fasting on the cardiovascular system as demonstrated in animal models (Golbidi et al., 2017); though its prognostic usefulness in human ailments has been suspected as increased levels of adiponectin are related to unfavourable consequences in CHF (congestive heart failure) (Mazaki-Tovi et al., 2005).
Metabolic Syndrome
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Currently, adiponectin is the only known adipocytokine that is beneficial. If adiponectin is low in the serum, this is linked to metabolic syndrome, obesity, coronary artery disease, and type 2 diabetes. Decreases in adiponectin levels occur before metabolic syndrome. With treatment of the syndrome, adiponectin levels increase quickly. Adiponectin may speed up metabolism of FFAs and decrease oxidative stress. All features of metabolic syndrome are partly based on and associated with the IL-6:adiponectin ratio. With increased IL-6 and decreased adiponectin, insulin sensitivity weakens. Oppositely, insulin sensitivity improves with decreased Il-6 and increased adiponectin. Women have higher adiponectin levels than men, as do people with type 1 diabetes, those using insulin sensitizers, and those that are thinner. Adiponectin levels are lower in obese people, those with lipodystrophy, and in men who have type 2 diabetes. Improved insulin sensitivity with increased adiponectin is linked to activation of the enzyme called glycogen synthase. Its activation increases glucose uptake in the cells, and free fatty acid oxidation – while decreasing triglycerides in the cytoplasm and glucose production in the liver.
Obesity
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
White adipose tissue produces proteins with endocrine function called adipokines. A state of relative hypoxia occurs in the adipocytes in obesity, which sets a chronic inflammatory response, causing the release of adipokines. Leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin are the most studied adipokines [69]. The name leptin is derived from the Greek, which means the “thinning factor.” Leptin is a neuroendocrine hormone that acts as a satiety factor, inducing a reduction in food intake and an increase in energy utilization [70]. Leptin is produced by the adipocytes, placenta, and fetal adipose tissue. Endometrium and ovarian follicles also have leptin receptors. Adiponectin is an endogenous insulin sensitizer that is present in lower circulating concentrations in obesity [70].
Correlation of plasma adipokines with endometrial atypical hyperplasia and type I/II endometrial cancer
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Xinxin Zhu, Linzhi Liu, Zonghao Feng, Yan Zhang
Leptin, a regulator of food intake, energy balance, glucose, and lipid metabolism, can reduce peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. Increased leptin levels may be an independent risk factor for EC. Adiponectin is negatively correlated with obesity, and low adiponectin levels are closely related to insulin resistance, independent of adiposity (Hanley et al.2007). Thus, the leptin-to-adiponectin (L/A) ratio might be a surrogate marker for EC. Resistin was initially identified in obese mice, and increased resistin levels have been reported in obesity, T2DM, and obesity-related cancers (e.g. breast and colorectal cancer) (Gharibeh et al.2010, Wang et al.2018). However, the functions of circulating resistin levels in EC remain unclear. Vaspin, known as a new adipokine, is secreted from the visceral adipose tissue. Significantly higher vaspin levels were observed in obese individuals and patients with T2DM (Feng et al.2014). Visfatin, initially identified as a pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor, is secreted from visceral fat and has a role in obesity and cancer. Patients with EC exhibit significantly higher visfatin levels than do controls (Ilhan et al. 2015, Nergiz Avcioglu et al.2015).
The correlation between erectile function and adiponectin levels in men with late-onset hypogonadism
Published in The Aging Male, 2022
Kazuyoshi Shigehara, Yuki Kato, Hiroyuki Konaka, Shohei Kawaguchi, Takahiro Nohara, Kouji Izumi, Yoshifumi Kadono, Mikio Namiki, Atsushi Mizokami
There are some limitations to this study. First, the study population only included patients with hypogonadism, who frequently had lifestyle-related diseases, metabolic syndrome, and ED. These factors have a significant impact on serum adiponectin levels. Particularly, normal erectile function (SHIM ≥ 22) was found in only nine cases (4.1%), and the majority of participants had ED. Second, erectile function was determined subjectively based only on a self-administered questionnaire, rather than tools such as nocturnal penile tumescence and the prostaglandin assay. Furthermore, there was a lack of data about objective arteriosclerosis evaluations such as ankle-brachial index or pulse wave velocity to assess CVD risk in this study. Therefore, further studies involving a larger population, including healthy men, as well as objective erectile and arteriosclerosis evaluations, are required to reach more conclusive findings. Third, hypogonadism was diagnosed based on FT levels measured using a radioimmunoassay kit, as opposed to the international diagnostic criteria that use total testosterone (TT) or bioavailable TT. A large epidemiological study in Japan demonstrated that TT levels did not decrease with age, whereas FT levels gradually decreased. In addition, a highly significant correlation (r = 0.706) between calculated FT and analogue FT values have been confirmed among Japanese men [33]. Therefore, FT is commonly used to diagnose hypogonadism in Japan [16].
Arsenic: an emerging role in adipose tissue dysfunction and muscle toxicity
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Kaviyarasi Renu, Aditi Panda, Balachandar Vellingiri, Alex George, Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
The bioactive protein is produced by the adipose tissue is known as adipokines. These adipokines would come under the hormones and cytokines which are involved in the process of inflammation, generated by adipose tissue. The adipokines involved in the metabolism of glucose and lipid are primarily leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and resistin (Ali et al.2013, Fantuzzi 2014). This leptin plays an important role in decreasing appetite and augmenting the oxidation of fatty acids. During exercise or fasting condition attenuates the leptin level in serum before mass reduction of adipose tissue (Ali et al.2013, Fantuzzi 2014). The other study shows that arsenic exposure during the gestational period would increase the expression of leptin levels in the serum (Ahmed et al.2011) and leads to insulin resistance in muscles. Adiponectin plays an important role in process of obesity and insulin sensitivity. The deregulation of adiponectin levels leads to insulin resistance in muscles. Exposure to arsenic attenuates the level of adiponectin leads to insulin resistance in muscle (Klei et al.2013).