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Other Complications of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
With diabetes mellitus, reduced salivation is commonly seen, which may or may not include symptoms of a burning sensation inside the mouth or on the tongue. There may be enlargement of the parotid salivary glands. Gingivitis is signified by unhealthy or inflamed gums that may be red, swollen, and even bleed. Daily brushing and flossing, plus regular cleanings by a dentist, can prevent gingivitis. Periodontitis is gum disease that can change from mild to severe. The signs of gingivitis, by this time, have worsened, and the gums may pull away from the teeth. There is long-lasting infection between the teeth and gums, and chronic bad breath. Loosened teeth may move away from each other, and there are changes in the way the teeth fit together when biting. Periodontitis can be prevented via deep cleanings by a dentist and in severe cases gum surgery.
Opsonization of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by LPS-Directed IgG Antibodies in Sera of Juvenile Periodontitis Patients
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Periodontitis, commonly known as gum disease, is an inflammatory process that leads to the progressive loss of periodontal ligament cells and alveolar bone that provide support for the teeth. Bacteria resident in dental plaque are considered to be the primary etiologic agents of periodontal disease. A number of distinct forms of periodontitis are currently recognized, differing in microbial etiology, rate of progression, and response to periodontal therapy (1). While many adults experience some degree of periodontitis (“adult periodontitis”) after the third decade of life, certain forms of periodontitis, termed early-onset periodontitis (EOP), become manifest at an earlier age. EOP develops during childhood or adolescence and is thought to be associated with defects in host defense, especially involving production or function of cirulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
Carbohydrates
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
Dental caries is not the only cause of tooth loss. In adults, gum disease (periodontal disease) is the most frequent cause of tooth loss. Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums caused by the presence of plaque. It can lead to receding of the gums which exposes the roots of the teeth to decay and eventually may lead to loosening and loss of teeth. As with caries, sugar is a major causative factor for gum disease but attainable reductions in sugar consumption are unlikely to have much impact upon this condition. Improved oral hygiene may be the most effective way of controlling this condition. Deficiencies of vitamins A, C, E and folic acid have detrimental effects upon gum health, but it is unclear whether increased intakes would improve general standards of oral health.
Tailoring and optimization of a honey-based nanoemulgel loaded with an itraconazole–thyme oil nanoemulsion for oral candidiasis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Amal M. Sindi, Waleed Y. Rizg, Muhammad Khalid Khan, Hala M. Alkhalidi, Waleed S. Alharbi, Fahad Y. Sabei, Eman Alfayez, Hanaa Alkharobi, Mohammed Korayem, Mohammed Majrashi, Majed Alharbi, Mohammed Alissa, Awaji Y. Safhi, Abdulmajeed M. Jali, Khaled M. Hosny
For overall health and a high quality of life, oral health is crucial. In 2012, the World Health Organization defined oral health as the absence of mouth or facial pain, oral infections or sores, and other disorders that restrict a person’s ability to engage in with his daily and psychosocial activities (World Health Organization, 2012). Oral diseases continue to be a neglected area of global health despite the significant social and financial costs they impose on many nations (FDI World Dental Federation, 2015). Most adults have tooth decay, and 15% to 20% of middle-aged adults have serious gum disease (Buset et al., 2016). Poor dental health may be linked to such diseases as diabetes, heart disease, stroke, pneumonia, and other respiratory illnesses, according to the literature (Silva et al., 2015). Another typical reason for headaches and ear and facial pain is disorders of the jaw (Katz et al., 2010). Dental clearance prior to medical procedures such as cardiac surgery, cancer/bisphosphonate therapy, and radiation therapy reduces the systemic and oral side effects of these procedures (Rajan et al., 2014).
Utilization of experimental design in the formulation and optimization of hyaluronic acid–based nanoemulgel loaded with a turmeric–curry leaf oil nanoemulsion for gingivitis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Amal M. Sindi, Khaled M. Hosny, Waleed Y. Rizg, Fahad Y. Sabei, Osama A. Madkhali, Mohammed Ali Bakkari, Eman Alfayez, Hanaa Alkharobi, Samar A Alghamdi, Arwa A. Banjar, Mohammed Majrashi, Mohammed Alissa
Turmeric is utilized in medicine as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory and for the healing of wounds (Chainani & Wu, 2003). Curcumin, a harmless organic chemical molecule found in turmeric, is responsible for the spice’s significant antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and antioxidant qualities, among many others. This chemical compound also gives turmeric its vivid yellow color (Toda et al., 1985; Çıkrıkçı et al., 2008). These characteristics made turmeric the ideal component of agents for the management of gingival inflammation (Motterlini et al., 2000). It is a crucial component in mouthwashes, teeth-whitening products, pocket irrigations for removing plaque, and dental sealants for guarding against tooth decay (Ammon et al., 1993). People can lower the risk of cavities and avoid gum disease, gum discomfort, and gum inflammation by consuming turmeric (Chaturvedi, 2009).
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
The human mouth is consistently exposed to various microbes through its exposure to the external environment. The oral cavity is one of the most bacterially diverse sites in the body, harboring more than 700 bacterial species.70 Diet, developmental stage, and decline of immunity due to infection or aging, can contribute to a changing oral microbiome.71 It is well known that various microbes in the oral cavity interact with cell–cell junctions and can alter barrier functionality, by either improving protection for the host or triggering disease.2,72 Bacteria are implicated in common oral diseases, such as gingivitis, periodontitis, and caries (Box 1). A disruption of epithelial cell–cell adhesion, known as “leaky gum” disease, is associated with the progression of periodontal disease.73 For example, it has been noted that there is a significant reduction in the expression of E-cadherin in the oral mucosa of patients with gingivitis or periodontal disease, compared to healthy individuals. The significant reduction in E-cadherin levels in periodontal disease could be a result of periodontal pathogens and can indicate a compromised barrier functionality.74 Pathogens that have been identified to alter the AJs or associated structures are discussed here.