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Fundamentals of mental health assessment for non–mental health practitioners
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Maria is a 68-year-old woman with a moderate learning disability who has been living in a group home for the past five years. She has long-standing diabetes mellitus (Type 1) treated with insulin and has recently developed painful diabetic neuropathy. She has pain in both legs below the knees, which she finds particularly distressing when she is walking and during the night; her sleep is disturbed. She is in the care of both her general practitioner and the diabetic team at her local hospital. Maria’s mother, who is 90 years old and recently widowed, visits weekly and is concerned about Maria’s distress. Her community learning disability nurse would like to understand more about how he can support Maria, her mother and the group home staff on how to manage Maria’s pain and increase her comfort.
Novel Treatments of Autoimmune Conditions
Published in Irun R. Cohen, Perspectives on Autoimmunity, 2020
Y. Shoenfeld, Y. Tomer, O. Ben-Yehuda
Since insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1) is associated with autoimmune phenomena,48,49 immunosuppression was tried in this incurable disease. Immunotherapy with azathioprine and steroids was not beneficial in type 1 diabetic patients.50 On the other hand, cyc A previously shown to prevent type 1 diabetes in BB rats was beneficial also in human type 1 diabetes. Stiller et al.51 conducted a study on 7 diabetic patients with disease of less than 6-weeks duration; all reduced their insulin dosage by 50% and 3 stopped taking insulin altogether,51 while in another study of 12 recently diagnosed diabetic patients, 4 had a complete remission and another 4 reduced their insulin requirement by 50%.52 It is important to note that spontaneous remissions (“honeymoon period”) do occur during the 1st year in patients with type 1 diabetes at a frequency of approximately 6%,52 yet cyc A induced a significantly higher frequency of remission.53
The endocrine system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
Diabetes mellitus is a group of disorders characterized by abnormalities of insulin. The term “diabetes” is derived from the Greek word “siphon,” which represents the copious amounts of urine (polyuria) produced by patients with diabetes mellitus (and diabetes insipidus, see the endocrine chapter). The term mellitus is derived from the Latin word for “honeyed” or sweet and represents the high levels of glucose present in the urine of patients with diabetes mellitus. There are two main types of diabetes mellitus, type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Response of Retinal Sensitivity to Intravitreal Anti-angiogenic Bevacizumab and Triamcinolone Acetonide for Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema over One Year
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Georgios Mylonas, Markus Schranz, Christoph Scholda, Sonja Karst, Gregor Reiter, Lukas Baumann, Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth, Katharina Kriechbaum
Fifteen eyes of 15 patients were allocated to each of the two groups in a randomized order. Eighteen patients were women and the mean age ±standard deviation (SD) of patients was 59 ± 11 years. Twenty-eight patients had diabetes mellitus type 2 and two diabetes mellitus type 1. Four patients had a history of cataract surgery (3 in the triamcinolone and 1 in the bevacizumab group). Table 1 displays demographic statistics of the patients with regards to treatment group. P-values refer to t-tests and Fisher exact tests to check for differences between groups. No significant differences between the groups in terms of age, sex, history of cataract surgery, and baseline RS were observed (p > .05). The patients in the bevacizumab group received on average of 9.6 injections of Avastin, whereas the patients in the triamcinolone group received a mean number of 2.6 injections of Volon A.
Extracellular vesicles in type 2 diabetes mellitus: key roles in pathogenesis, complications, and therapy
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2019
Yongwei Xiao, Lei Zheng, Xiaofeng Zou, Jigang Wang, Jianing Zhong, Tianyu Zhong
There are three major types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Among these types of diabetes mellitus, T2DM has the greatest impact and accounts for approximately 90–95% of all diabetes types [10]. T2DM results from insulin resistance, defects in insulin secretion, or both [11]. However, the pathogenesis of T2DM is not yet fully elucidated and might involve multiple factors including family history, obesity, poor diet, as well as lack of exercise. Although the current therapeutic methods for this disease mainly include hypoglycaemic drugs, insulin, and other symptomatic treatment, these methods are still not effective in improving the patient’s condition. Therefore, more treatment alternatives are urgently needed for the clinical treatment of patients.
Efficacy and safety of insulin detemir versus glargine in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Soheila Rezaei, Ali Taheri, Saeed Taheri, Sara Kasirzadeh, Behzad Fatemi, Mende M Sorato
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) are the most prevalent types of diabetes [6]. Intensive basal-bolus insulin therapy, self-monitoring, and lifestyle modifications are ideal approaches to improving the glycemic status and reducing the risk of complications in DM1 patients. Based on the latest guidelines by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) [7], if lifestyle management and mono- or poly-therapy with oral glucose-lowering agents are not effective enough, the addition of basal insulin therapy is also advised for DM2 patients. Meticulous control of glycemic status in both DM1 and DM2 patients can delay microvascular complications [8].