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M cells and the follicle-associated epithelium
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Hiroshi Ohno, Marian Neutra, Ifor R. Williams
FAE cells differ from villus cells in their ability to release certain chemokines that attract immune cells toward the FAE and thus to sites of organized lymphoid tissue. In the small intestine of mice and humans, for example, chemokine CCL20, also designated macrophage inflammatory protein-3α (MIP-3α), is constitutively expressed in the FAE but not in the villus epithelium (Figure 15.2). CCL20 attracts subpopulations of DCs and lymphocytes that express the chemokine receptor CCR6. Mice that lack CCR6 have lower numbers of CD11c+ DCs in the subepithelial dome regions of Peyer's patches and have an impaired humoral immune response to orally administered antigen and certain enteropathogenic viruses. Cells of the mouse FAE also express CCL9 (analogous to CCL23 in humans), which attracts CCR1-expressing myeloid DCs, and CXCL16, which attracts CXCR6-expressing B and T lymphocytes into Peyer's patches.
The role of interleukins in pathogenesis and prognosis of atrial fibrillation
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Mohammad Erfan Lotfi, Parmida Sadat Pezeshki, Nima Rezaei
The use of biomarkers such as N-terminal fragment B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) to predict the outcome of AF in patients is expanding day by day [90]. For example, biomarkers such as hs-cTnT, IL-6, NT-proBNP, and growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) are reported to be associated with sudden death, heart failure death, stroke, or thrombotic events [91]. CRP level can also be used to determine the short- or long-term outcomes and sinus rhythm preservation following cardioversion in AF patients [92,93]. Chemokines and their receptors are also effective in determining the outcome of AF and can remarkably increase the predictive value of the CHA2DS2-VASc score when combined [94]. For instance, CCL18 and CCL23 levels are positively related to the incidence of stroke, and a high level of CXCL16 is associated with mortality [94].
ISG20 promotes local tumor immunity and contributes to poor survival in human glioma
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
Mengqi Gao, Yi Lin, Xing Liu, Yiming Li, Chuanbao Zhang, Zheng Wang, Zhiliang Wang, Yulin Wang, Zongze Guo
In this study, we found that ISG20 expression is associated with many chemokines, leading to tumor infiltration of a variety of immune cells. CCL2/CCR2 is known for recruiting monocytes to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection, and augments the accumulation of regulatory Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells and of nitric oxide- and YM-1-expressing macrophages and microglia.52 CCL5 induces chemotaxis in T cells and monocytes.53–56 CCL23 might play vital roles in inflammation through the recruitment of macrophages and dendritic cells.57 CCRL2/CXCR2 is the main neutrophil attractor in vitro,58 and is involved in the control of both innate and adaptive immune responses.59 CXCR6, a chemokine receptor for CXCL16 that is expressed on a subset of CD4 + T helper 1 cells and natural killer T cells, is involved in lymphocyte homing and modulates the development and progression of atherosclerosis.60 Collectively, elevated expression of these chemokines may contribute to glioma progression by recruiting macrophages and neutrophils to the local tumor environment. Nevertheless, we did not find a significant association of microglia with ISG20 expression, suggesting that the ISG20-associated macrophages were monocyte-derived instead of residual microglial cells.61
Clinical Severity and Tear Biomarkers, Eosinophil Cationic Protein and CCL23, in Chronic Allergic Conjunctival Diseases
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2018
Maki Shoji, Jun Shoji, Noriko Inada
This clinical study also evaluated the usefulness of CCL23 expression in tears as a biomarker for AKC/VKC. CCL23 interacts with CCR1 and recruits monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells that express CCR1 on their surface.10 Further, CCL23 has been evaluated as a biomarker for certain inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis,16 systemic sclerosis,17 and atopic dermatitis.18 In this study, clinical severity scores and tear ECP grades in CCL23-positive patients with AKC/VKC showed high levels in comparison with those in CCL23-negative patients with AKC/VKC. Therefore, CCL23 is thought to be a useful biomarker expressed in tears in response to aggravation by AKC/VKC. In the eosinophilic inflammation associated with the pathophysiology of AKC/VKC, CCR3 expressed on eosinophils has attracted research attention, and CCR11/eotaxin-1, CCR24/eotaxin-2, CCR26/eotaxin-3, and RANTES, which are ligands for CCR3, were examined as eosinophilic chemokines associated with inflammation. In patients with VKC, it has been reported that levels of eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2 in tears are significantly increased compared with those in controls, so these have also been identified as a biomarker for VKC.13,19 Further, there are reports that eosinophils are inflammatory cells expressing CCR1, and eosinophils express CCL23 in their cytoplasm.20 In accordance with these previous reports, eosinophils are thought to be major inflammatory cells in the vicious cycle of allergic inflammation via CCR1. Therefore, in severe ACD, combined analysis of ECP and CCL23 in tears is thought to be a useful test for assessing allergic inflammation in the conjunctiva. Further investigation of the usefulness of combined analysis of ECP and CCL23 in tears will be necessary for various therapeutic drugs used in the medical treatment of cACD in the future.