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The Viruses
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Chemokine receptors have been identified on cells and are important in that they aid entry of HIV in certain cell types. The first of these coreceptor proteins on host cells was initially called “fusin” and brought about fusion of CD4+ cells that were resistant to fusion and syncytial formation. Fusin (CXCR-4) is a member of a family of chemokine receptors. Recent studies indicate that macrophage-tropic viruses use CC chemokine 5 (CCR-5) as a principal coreceptor and to a lesser degree CCR-3. T cell-tropic viruses can employ CXCR-4. Persons with mutations changing the nature of these coreceptors may be protected from HIV infection or have a slower rate of progression to AIDS. Other receptors for HIV include galactosyl ceramide in glial cells and in some colon cell lines, Fc Receptors, and adhesion molecules on macrophages. These receptors may promote entry into key body sites such as the brain.
Effects of Air Pollution on Allergy and Asthma
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
When exposed to Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEPs), alveolar macrophages as well as human bronchial epithelial cells actively phagocytose them, and this is followed by increased productions of the proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF (Salvi et al. 2000). Several lines of evidence suggest an important role for chemokines, such as IL-8 in the pathogenesis of chronic allergic airways disease. In addition to producing an acute cellular and mediator inflammatory response in the lungs, several studies have also demonstrated a role for diesel exhaust in enhancing the allergic inflammatory response (Fig. 19.6). Nasal and bronchial hyper responsiveness have been described as characteristic features of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. DEPs have been shown to enhance airway hyper responsiveness via the up-regulation of the expression of histamine H1 receptor mRNA associated with enhanced effects of histamine on cytokine gene production (Salvi et al. 1999). Acting via H1 receptors, histamine increases epithelial and capillary endothelial permeability, mucus secretion, airway hyper responsiveness, smooth muscle contraction and also enhances mediator and cytokine release. Diesel exhaust particles have been shown to increase allergen-specific IgE levels by up to 50-times, but more importantly, also helps in development of new allergen-specific IgEs1 (Takenaka et al. 1995), is therefore not surprising that pollen becomes more allergenic when they grow in an urban environment (Bryce et al. 2010).
Marine Drugs: A Source of Medicines for Neuroinflammatory Disorders
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Arunachalam Muthuraman, Narahari Rishitha, Nallapilai Paramakrishnan
Out of all cellular reactions, the immunological reactions are key players for neuroinflammatory disorders due to its rapid, sensitive, and sustained reactions. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are predominantly engaging in these neuro-immunological reactions (Otmishi et al., 2008). In addition, astrocytes also release the multiple growth factors which make the morphological changes of nerve tissue. This reaction is acute and initial events because once astrocytes reaction is over it will compose to proteoglycan matrix and form the glial scar (Silver and Miller, 2004). The immune cells are communicating via various cell mediators like cytokines and chemokines (Hanisch, 2002). In physiological conditions, cytokines regulate inflammation, cell signaling, and various cellular processes like cell growth and survival (Veldhoven et al., 2006). Chemokines are subset molecules of cytokines and it also regulates the cell functions like the relocation of cells which is attracting immune cells in the place of injury or infection from the circulation of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and surrounding (adjacent) tissue compartments (Goverman, 2009). The following brain cells are communicating via cytokines and chemokines. Such cells are microglia, astrocytes, endothelial cells oligodendrocytes, and other glial cells (Hanisch, 2002). In addition, chemokines, and cytokines also possess neuromodulatory actions.
The regulatory network of the chemokine CCL5 in colorectal cancer
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Xin-Feng Zhang, Xiao-Li Zhang, Ya-Jing Wang, Yuan Fang, Meng-Li Li, Xing-Yu Liu, Hua-You Luo, Yan Tian
Increasing evidence shows that chemokines play important roles in tumor growth and metastasis. Different members of the chemokine family promote or inhibit tumor growth by promoting or inhibiting tumor angiogenesis [8]. With molecular weights ranging from 7 to 15 kDa, chemokines are the main proteins secreted to the extracellular space. To date, 50 chemokines have been identified [9]. Although their main role is recruitment and activation of the immune response, their important role in the process of tumor cell invasion, metastasis and immune response escape has been increasingly recognized [10]. Most tumors promote their own growth by recruiting stromal cells to shape the local chemokine network [11]. Among the known human chemokines, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL10 are closely related to CD8+ T-cell infiltration [12]. Among these proteins, CCL5 affects tumor progression in an autocrine or a paracrine manner, such as by directly affecting cancer cell proliferation, migration and survival through its autocrine function or by indirectly recruiting inflammatory cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME)through paracrine function, thus shaping the TME for its own survival [13]. In this study, we explored the role played by the chemokine CCL5in the occurrence and development of CRC. Herein, we explain the relevant regulatory mechanism of CCL5, to provide a reference for clinical research.
Quercetin Inhibits the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition through Suppressing Akt Mediated Nuclear Translocation of β-Catenin in Lung Cancer Cell Line
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Perumal Elumalai, Devaraj Ezhilarasan, Subramanian Raghunandhakumar
Lung cancer is the utmost common malignancies and leading cause of death worldwide. Due to high occurrence lung cancer has gained particular importance in recent years (1). Human lung cancer cells produce a variety of growth factors, which stimulate angiogenesis and metastasis, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (3), fibroblast growth factor (FGFR) (4) and chemokines, all these factors favors tumor cells metastasis. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important function in lung cancer progression through EGFR (5, 6). EGF and its receptors are often co-expressed in huge subclasses of primary lung cancer (7). EGFR triggers a PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways resulting in the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), β-catenin and other substrate proteins, which stimulate proliferation and metastasis related gene expressions (8, 9). In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the PI3K/Akt pathway activation has been profoundly associated in cancer progression. The activation of chemokines promotes metastasis and also contributes to further progresses that are important to cancer development, including angiogenesis (10, 11). Chemokines expression increased during cancer progression, which attract infiltrating cells to tumor sites and also involved in cancer cell growth (12).
Cancer and immunity: who is shaping whom?
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2021
Chemokines are small-size cytokine-like proteins secreted by different immune and nonimmune cells that mainly facilitate immune cell movement toward higher concentration through chemokine receptors. Various classes of chemokine are produced by cells, and they play an important role in various immunological processes such as inflammation and immune homeostasis. The expression and function of chemokines alter significantly in various infectious and noninfectious diseases. The third review article in this issue by Zangouei et al. discusses the role of chemokines in bladder cancer. The article describes the interaction between immune cells and bladder cancer tissues and discusses the role of an immune activator (Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine) in the treatment of bladder cancer. It also highlights the importance of chemokines and chemokine receptors as a marker for the early detection of this cancer, as well as for cancer progression and metastasis [3]. This article will be of particular interest to oncoimmunologists and immunologists working on the fundamental and/or developmental aspects of cancer diagnostics (Figure 1).